研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 8 Writing AbstractWord文件下载.docx
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研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 8 Writing AbstractWord文件下载.docx
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-Languagefocus:
commonlyusedverbsandtenses;
sentencepatterns
-Rewritingpractice:
understanddifferentstylesofacademicabstracts
understandtheelementsofanacademicabstract
-Writingpractice:
writeanabstractandkeywordsbasedonthegivenmaterial
1.ReadingActivity
1.1Pre-readingTask
Abstractisanimportantpartofacademicassignments,mostoften,reportsandresearchpapers.Theabstractisthelastitemthatyouwrite,butthefirstthingpeoplereadwhentheywanttohaveaquickoverviewofthewholepaper.Wesuggestthatyouleaveabstractwritingtotheend,becauseyouwillhaveaclearerpictureofallyourfindingsandconclusions.
Beforeyoulearnthedetailedstepstowriteanabstract,pleasediscussthefollowingquestions:
Whatisthepurposeofwritinganabstract?
Whatarethebasicelementsforanacademicabstract?
Whatlanguageproblemsmayyouhaveinabstractwriting?
(Forexample:
thewordingproblem,thetenseproblemandthevoiceproblem,etc.)
1.2ReadingPassage
SampleAbstract1
Thisdissertationexaminestheimpactsofsocialmovementsthroughamulti-layeredstudyoftheMississippiCivilRightsMovementfromitspeakintheearly1960sthroughtheearly1980s.Byexaminingthishistoricallyimportantcase,thewriterclarifiestheprocessbywhichmovementstransformsocialstructuresandtheconstraintswhentheytrytodoso.Thetimeperiodstudiedincludestheexpansionofvotingrightsandgainsinblackpoliticalpower,thedesegregationofpublicschoolsandtheemergenceofwhite-flightacademies,andtheriseandfalloffederalanti-povertyprograms.Twomajorresearchstrategieswereused:
(1)aquantitativeanalysisofcounty-leveldataand
(2)threecasestudies.Datahavebeencollectedfromarchives,interviews,newspapers,andpublishedreports.Thisdissertationchallengestheargumentthatmovementsareinconsequential.Someviewfederalagencies,courts,politicalparties,oreconomicelitesastheagentsdrivinginstitutionalchange,buttypicallythesegroupsactedinresponsetotheleveragebroughttobearbythecivilrightsmovement.TheMississippimovementattemptedtoforgeindependentstructuresforsustainingchallengestolocalinequitiesandinjustices.Bypropellingchangeinanarrayoflocalinstitutions,movementinfrastructureshadanenduringlegacyinMississippi.
(KennethTaitAndrews,“‘Freedomisaconstantstruggle’:
ThedynamicsandconsequencesoftheMississippiCivilRightsMovement,1960-1984″Ph.D.StateUniversityofNewYorkatStonyBrook,1997DAI-A59/02,p.620,Aug1998)
1.3ReadingComprehension
1.3.1Whatdoestheabstracttalkabout?
Whatthestudydoes
Howthestudydoesit
Whatmaterialsareused
Conclusion
1.3.2Decidehowmanyelementsthissampleincludesandhowtheyfunction.
Elements
Functions
2LanguageFocus
2.1Commonlyusedverbsandtensesinabstracts
Readthefollowingsampleabstractandpayattentiontotheverbsusedinit.
Sampleabstract2
Cybercrime–crimeontheInternet–isofgrowingconcerninthebusinesscommunity.DespiteUKGovernmentinitiatives(suchasBS7799)andgrowingsalesinsoftwaresolutions(e.g.anti-virussoftware),cyberattacksareontheincrease.Thisdissertationfocusesonwaystoassesstheeffectivenessofcurrentpreventativemeasurestocybercrimeandtounderstandwhyorganizationscontinuetobevulnerabletocybercrime.Thisdissertationmetthesetwinresearchaimsthroughanextensivestudyofrelevantliteratureandtheimplementationofpracticalresearch.ThelatterwascarriedoutthroughaCaseStudywithCompanyXXXusingsemi-structuredinterviewswithkeyI.T.securitypersonnel.Thisresearchproducedanumberofkeyfindings:
recentsurveysconfirmasignificantincreaseintheincidencesofcybercrimeandtheirimpactonthebusinesscommunitybutalsothetypesofcybercrime(viruses,hacking,spam,identitytheft,fraud,privacyissues,webvandalism,etc.);
organizationslackedthesecurityexpertisetodealwithcybercrimeandsodependedtoomuchonreadilyavailabletechnicalwaystocombatcybercrime(andfailing);
organizationswerenotawareofGovernmentrecommendationsonhowtoaddressInternet-basedsecurityissues;
andGovernmentsandlawenforcementagenciestendedtolocalizecybercrime,allocatingscantresourcestocontributingtoaglobalsolution.Themainconclusionsdrawnfromthisresearchwerethatcurrentapproachestofightingcybercrimearedeficientbecausetheyfailtoembraceaholisticapproach,insteadoptingforanarrowlocalsoftware-basedfocus,andthatalackofcommunicationbetweenmajorstakeholdersatlocal,nationalandinternationallevelhashinderedsecuritydevelopment.Thisresearcharguesforamulti-prongedmodeltoreduceincidencesofcybercrime.IttakesintoaccountRisk-Assessmentmodels,localmanagementofcompanypolicies,implementationissues(includingproperresourcingandreviewpolicies),theneedforglobalsupportinfrastructures,andameansoffosteringcommunicationnetworks.
(http:
//www.ukdissertation.co.uk/Dissertation_Abstract.htm)
Verbs
Sentencepatterns
2.2Moreverbsandsentencespatterns
Categories
Background
review,
summarize,
present,
...
Thetheorycomes/stems/emerges/originatesfrom…
Thetheoryisobtained/provided/furnishedfrom…
Aim
attempt,
purpose,
aim,
Thispaperdevelopsatheoreticalframeworkto…
Thispaperpresentsanapproachto…
Thisreport(thesis,presentation,document,account…)explains(outlines,summaries,evaluates,surveys,develops,investigates,discusses,focuseson,…)theresultsof…
Researchfocus(es)
Study,
present,
include,
Thechiefaim(mainpurpose,primaryobject,majorobjective,principal,goal)ofthestudyis…
Researchprocess
test,
study,
investigate,
Theyputforward(developed,proposed)thistheory,whichisbased(advanced,suggested,created,constructed,formulated,elaborated)on.../restson,(proceedsfrom)...
method
measure,
estimate,
calculate,
Thecurativeeffect(sensitivity,function)ofcertaindrug(kit,organ)wasobserved(detected,studied).
2.2Verbtensesinabstracts
Typeofinformation
Verbform
(tenseorcommonlyoccurringverbs)
Examples
givingbackgrounddetails
presenttense
Theindustryisalreadywellknownforitseffortstoimprovetheeco-efficiencyofitsprocesses
describingtheresearchactivity
simplepasttense,presentperfecttense
Thestudyfocusedon2mainareas
Theframeworkforlifecycleanalysishasbeendeveloped
describingthemethods
simplepasttense(activeorpassive)
Wecarriedoutaseriesoffieldtests
Alargenumberofsamplesweretestedforfracturing
reportingresults
simplepasttense
Resultsindicatedthattheproblemisevenmoreseriousthanpreviouslypredicted
Thethirdmodelprovedtobemoredurablethantheotherfour
statingconclusions
verbsindicatingtentativeness:
∙ispossible
∙islikely
∙appears
∙seems
∙might
modalauxiliaryverbs
can,may,could,
might
Thisindicatesthatthereare,infact,severalfactorscontributingtothedecrease
Itappearsthattheincidenceofhumanerrorcannotbeeliminatedatanystage
Theremightbeaneedforrevisingthelistofcriteriawithinthenext5-10years
Readtheabstractaboveagainandcheckthetensesintheabstract.
Verbtenses
Element1
Element2
Element3
Element4
Element5
3WritingPractice
3.1Abstractwritingpractice
3.1.1Whydowecareabouttheproblemandtheresults?
Iftheproblemisnotobviously"
interesting"
itmightbebettertoputmotivationfirst;
butifyourworkisincrementalprogressonaproblemthatiswidelyrecognizedasimportant,thenitisprobablybettertoputtheproblemstatementfirsttoindicatewhichpieceofthelargerproblemyouarebreakingofftoworkon.Thissectionshouldincludetheimportanceofyourwork,thedifficultyofthearea,andtheimpactitmighthaveifsuccessful.ReadthefollowingparagraphandwritedowntheMotivationintheblank.
Areviewofgroundwaterremediationinusetodayshowsthatnewtechniquesarerequiredtosolvetheproblemsofpumpandtreat,containmentandin-situtreatment.Onesuchtechniqueisthemethodthatinvolvestheuseofpermeabletreatmentwalls.Thesemethodsuseareactivemediumsuchasirontoremediatecontaminatedgroundwater.
3.1.2Whatproblemareyoutryingtosolve?
Whatisthescopeofyourwork(ageneralizedapproach,orforaspecificsituation)?
Becarefulnottousetoomuchjargon.Insomecasesitisappropriatetoputtheproblemstatementbeforethemotivation,butusuallythisonlyworksifmostreadersalreadyunderstandwhytheproblemisimportant.Readthefollowingparagraphandwritetheproblem(aim)intheblank.
Severalmethodsofimplementingthisremediationstrategyhavebeendescribed.Thesemethodsincludeinjectionandtrenching.TheuseofafunnelandgatesystemviaatrenchhasbeenexaminedindetailusingagroundwatermodelingoptionoftheFLACprogram.
3.1.3Howdidyougoaboutsolvingormakingprogressontheproblem?
Didyouusesimulation,analyticmode
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