麦肯锡《化工》43 期Word文档格式.docx
- 文档编号:17228793
- 上传时间:2022-11-29
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:45
- 大小:432.10KB
麦肯锡《化工》43 期Word文档格式.docx
《麦肯锡《化工》43 期Word文档格式.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《麦肯锡《化工》43 期Word文档格式.docx(45页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
生成醋酸的更好的生物工艺4
Newcatalystmakeshydrogenperoxideaccessibletodevelopingworld5
新的催化剂令发展中国家能够获得过氧化氢7
Supermancanstartworrying—we'
vealmostgottheformulaforkryptonite8
超人要开始担心了——我们已经几乎得出了氪星石的公式10
ChmicalNewsandAnalysis(化工行业资讯与分析)11
ThechallengesandopportunitiesaroundUSNGLandpetrochemicalexports11
美国天然气液和石化出口的挑战和机遇14
LYONDELLBASELLSEEKS3-CENTHIKEFORNORTHAMERICANPOLYPROPYLENEFORAPRIL17
利安德巴塞尔试图使四月份北美聚丙烯价格增长3美分18
EuropespotbenzenebullishsofarinMarch18
欧洲现货苯3月份目前为止看涨19
RefinedChemical(精细化工)20
GrowthExpectedForSurfactantsMarketinChina21
表面活性剂市场在中国的增长预期21
BerkeleyLabScientistsDevelopingPaint-OnCoatingforEnergyEfficientWindows22
伯克利实验室开发节能窗户用涂料23
JointEffortBrightensProspectsforSought-AfterFeedstock24
共同努力照亮受欢迎原料的前景25
Agrochemical(农业化工)26
Agriculturaldyes&
pigmentsmarkettoreach$1.86bnby202026
2020年农业染料色素市场有望达到18.6亿美元26
ExportdeferralsaccentuaterevenuedropatIndianagrochemicalfirms27
印度农化企业受全球经济形势影响业绩下滑订单生产受到冲击28
SpainapprovesAndermattBiocontrol’sMadex®
Twin28
AndermattBiocontrol的生物杀虫剂Madex®
Twin获西班牙登记29
BrazilMapaannouncesagreementwithAnvisa,Ibamatoaccelerateregistrationofagrochemicals29
巴西农药登记程序改革获新进展三部门间达成合作协议29
BASFagchemsalesup7%in201530
得益于高产品售价2015年巴斯夫植保销售额增长7%利润小幅下降31
Others(其它)32
BiomassProcessorBanishesBottleneck32
生物质处理器消除瓶颈33
NewfermentationprocesshelpsPennstudentsbrewfuture34
新发酵过程助宾夕法尼亚学生“酝酿”未来36
Neuralnetsimproveflamedetection37
神经网络改善化工厂火焰检测38
ChemicalStudy(化工基础研究)
BetterBioprocessforAceticAcidBeckons
Researchersreportdepositionofcadmiumsulfideenablesbacteriumtouselighttoreducecarbondioxidetoacetate.
Precipitatingnanoparticlesofasemiconductoronabacteriumthatdoesnotnormallyengageinphotosynthesisenablestheorganismtouselighttoreducecarbondioxidetoaceticacidathighyields,reportresearchersinCalifornia.Thesemiconductor,cadmiumsulfide(CdS),actsasalightharvester,spurringphotosynthesis.
Theprocesscombinesthehighlyefficientlightharvestingofinorganicsemiconductorswiththehighspecificityandlowcostofbiocatalysts,sayKelseySakimoto,AndrewWongandPeidongYang,allofwhomareintheDepartmentofChemistryattheUniversityofCalifornia–BerkeleyandintheMaterialsScienceDivisionoftheLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,bothinBerkeley,Calif.
Nanoparticle-StuddedBacterium
Figure1.Depositionofcadmiumsulfideenablesbacteriumtouselighttoreducecarbondioxidetoacetate.Source:
UniversityofCalifornia–Berkeley.
Thephotosynthesisofcarbondioxidetoaceticacidbythebacterium,M.thermoacetica,andCdSinvolvestwostepsinasinglepot(Figure1),theyexplain.First,growingthebacteriuminthepresenceofcadmiumandcysteinetriggerstheprecipitationoftheCdSnanoparticles.Then,thebacteriumuseselectronsgeneratedbyilluminatedCdSnanoparticlestoperformthephotosynthesis.Thecalculatedyieldofaceticacidisabout90%.MoredetailsappearinarecentarticleinScience.
Thehybridsystem,theresearchersbelieve,offersadvantages,suchastheabilitytotunetheeffectivelightfluxperbacterium,overnaturalphotosynthesis,andalsopromisesimprovedefficienciescomparedtotraditionalbiologicalapproachestonanoparticlesynthesisthatuseligands.
Atthispoint,thedevelopmentisattheproof-of-conceptstage.
“Thereareacoupleofthingswearedoingasthenextstep.Weareattemptingtoincludewateroxidation,theotherpartofthehalfreactionofthephotosynthesis.Wearealsolookingintothefundamentalelectronchargetransferatthesemiconductor/bacteriainterface,”notesYang.
Keychallengesremaintobeaddressed,headmits.“Therearemany—decoratingthebacteriawith[a]less-toxicsemiconductorwithbetterlightabsorption;
completingtheotherhalfpartofthephotosynthesis;
andunderstandingthefundamentalelectrontransferacrossthesemiconductor/bacteriainterface.”
However,Yangisoptimisticthatthehybridsystemultimatelymightserveforcommercialproductionofaceticacid.
生成醋酸的更好的生物工艺
研究人员指出,硫化镉的沉积能使醋酸菌利用光线来减少二氧化碳生成醋酸盐。
加利福尼亚研究人员指出,通常不参与光合作用的细菌半导体纳米颗粒的沉淀使生物使用光来减少二氧化碳生成高量醋酸。
半导体硫化镉(CdS),能作为光收集器,促进光合作用。
在加州伯克利的加州大学伯克利分校化学系及劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室的材料科学部门的KelseySakimoto、AndrewWong和PeidongYang说,该工艺结合了高效无机半导体的光收集器,带有高特性和低成本的生物催化剂。
镶嵌纳米颗粒的细菌
图1。
硫化镉沉积使细菌使用光来减少二氧化碳生成醋酸。
来源:
加利福尼亚大学–伯克利。
细菌促成二氧化碳生成乙酸的光合作用,他们解释说,热醋穆尔氏菌和硫化镉需要在一个反应釜进行两个步骤(图1)。
首先,在镉和半胱氨酸存在条件下培植细菌引起硫化镉纳米粒子的沉淀。
然后,细菌利用被硫化镉纳米粒子激发电子进行光合作用。
计算醋酸收益率约90%。
更多的细节参见科学杂志最近的一篇文章。
研究人员相信,混合系统有其优点,如在自然光合作用调整单一细菌有效光通量的能力,并比使用配体传统生物学方法的纳米粒子的合成效率更高。
在这一点上,发展处于概念验证阶段。
Yang指出,“接下来,我们需要做一些事情。
我们试图将水氧化包含在内,这是光合作用的一半反应的另一部分。
我们还在调查在半导体/细菌界面上的基本电子电荷转移”。
他承认,关键的挑战仍有待解决。
“这些问题包括——使有较小毒性的半导体细菌具有更好的光吸收;
完成光合作用的另一半;
以及了解通过半导体/细菌接口的基本电子转移。
”
然而,Yang对于混合系统最终可能会用于醋酸的商业生产是乐观的。
Newcatalystmakeshydrogenperoxideaccessibletodevelopingworld
Hydrogenperoxideisoneofthemostcommonandversatileofhouseholdproducts.Indiluteform,itcandisinfectwoundsandbleachhair,whitenteethandremovestainsfromclothing,cleancontactlensesandkillmoldandalgae.
Inhighconcentrations,hydrogenperoxide(H2O2)canbecatalyticallydecomposedintooxygenandsteamandusedasapropellantorasanexplosiveitself.
Hydrogenperoxideistypicallymadeinamulti-step,energy-intensiveprocessthatrequiresittobeproducedinlargequantitiesandshippedandstoredinahighlyconcentratedform.
NowagroupofresearchersfromtheUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStateshasdevelopedamethodofproducinghydrogenperoxideondemandthroughasimple,one-stepprocess.ThemethodenablesdiluteH2O2tobemadedirectlyfromhydrogenandoxygeninsmallquantitieson-site,makingitmoreaccessibletounderdevelopedregionsoftheworld,whereitcouldbeusedtopurifywater.
InanarticlepublishedtodayinScience,theworld'
sleadingsciencejournal,thegroupreportedthatbimetalliccompoundsconsistingofpalladiumandanyoneofsixotherelementscaneffectivelycatalysethehydrogenationofoxygentoformhydrogenperoxide.TheprojectwasledbyGrahamJ.Hutchings,professorofphysicalchemistryanddirectoroftheCardiffCatalysisInstituteatCardiffUniversityinWales.
Theresearcherssaytheirnewprocessovercomesalongstandingchallengetothecatalyticproductionofhydrogenperoxide—namelythetendencyofthecatalysttoalsoquicklydecomposetheproductintowatersoonafterithasbeenmade.
"
Usingournewcatalyst,we'
vecreatedamethodofefficientlyproducingH2O2ondemandinaquick,one-stepprocess,"
saidSimonJ.FreakleyoftheCardiffCatalysisInstitute,thearticle'
sleadauthor.
BeingabletoproduceH2O2directlyopensupawholehostofpossibilities,mostnotablyinthefieldofwaterpurification[inareas]wheresafeandcleandrinkingwaterisatapremium."
TheSciencearticle,titled"
Palladium-tincatalystsforthedirectsynthesisofH2O2withhighselectivity,"
wascoauthoredbyotherresearchersfromtheCardiffCatalysisInstituteandfromLehighUniversityinBethlehem,Pa.,andtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy'
sOakRidgeNationalLaboratoryinTennessee.
ThearticleisthefourthonthetopicthatresearchersfromCardiffandLehighhavepublishedinScienceoverthepastdecade.Thefirstthreedealtwithadvancesincreatingandusinganalloycatalystofgoldandpalladium;
one,publishedin2009,discussedthatcatalyst'
spotentialtoproducehydrogenperoxidequicklyandefficientlywhilepreventingitsdecomposition.
Thenewcatalysts,saidChristopherJ.Kiely,canbemadebycombiningpalladiumwithtin,cobalt,nickel,gallium,indiumorzinc,allofwhicharecheaperthangold.Furthermore,thecatalystcanbemadewithouttheneedtopre-treatthecatalystsupportwithnitricacid,whichisarequirementofthegold-palladiumalloys.
Scientistshaveknownformorethanacenturythatpalladiummetalcancatalysethedirectreactionofhydrogenandoxygentomakehydrogenperoxide,"
saidKiely,professorofmaterialsscienceandchemicalengineeringanddirectorofLehigh'
sElectronMicroscopyandNanofabricationFacility."
Unfortunately,thepalladiumalsorapidlyhydrogenatesordecomposesthehydrogenperoxidethatisproducedtoformwater.
In2009,wefiguredoutthatgold-palladiumnanoparticles,supportedonacid-washedactivatedcarbon,couldswitchoffthesecondundesiredreaction.Butgoldisexpensive.Forthecatalysttobeindustriallycompetitive,thegoldneedstobereplacedwithacheapermetal."
Thegroupsearchedforadifferentmetaltoreplacethegold,saidKiely,andfoundthatacatalystcomposedofpalladiumandtincouldcarryoutthereactiontoformhydrogenperoxidejustaseffectivelyasthegold-palladiumcatalyst.Subsequenttestsshowedthatanotherfivemetals,incombinationwithpalladium,alsoperformedverywell.
Thegroupthenusedavarietyofelectronmicroscopytechniquestounderstandwhypalladiumalloyscausedthehydrogenperoxidethatwasproducedtodecomposeandhowthissecondreactioncouldbeprevented.Theanswer,theylearned,hadtodowithvariationsinthesizesandcompositionofthemetalalloycatalystparticles.
Whenyoumakeacatalyst,"
saidKiely,"
youalwaystendtogeneratecatalystparticlesthatspanarangeofdifferentsizes.Whenwemeasuredthecompositionofthegold-palladiumparticles,itturnedoutthatthelargerparticlescontainedalotofgoldwhilethesmallerparticleshadalotofpalladium.Onlythe
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 化工 麦肯锡化工43 麦肯锡 43