2 Be a good reader firstWord文件下载.docx
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2 Be a good reader firstWord文件下载.docx
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Thefollowingisanexplanationofthestepsrequiredforgoodcomprehension,thekeytowhichiscarefulandthoughtfulreading.Thegoodreaderisactivelyinvolvedwiththetext—throughthinking,questioning,andevaluating.Butthesestepsmustbeprecededbyamorefundamentalactivity—decoding—meaningtheprocessofrecognizingtheindividualwordsonthepage.Youmustfirstpronouncethewordsasyouread(toyourself,ofcourse),andifyouareunsureaboutthemeaningofanyunfamiliarwords,lookthemupinthedictionary.
Onceyouhavedecodedthewords,youcanbeginthecomprehensionstep.Goodcomprehensionrequiresmorethansimplyknowingwhateachwordmeans.Therealmeaningofanytextliesintherelationshipthewordshavewithoneanother.
First,askyourself,whatistheauthorsaying?
Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
Whatdoesheorshewantthereadertounderstandaboutthemainidea?
Trytoparaphrasethewriter'
sideasbyputtingeachsentenceintoyourownwords.Thenlookattherelationshipbetweenthewordsandsentences.Doyouseeapattern?
Howisthemainideasupported?
Onceyouhaveaskedthesequestions,thenextstepistoevaluatewhattheauthorhassaid.Dotheideasseemreasonabletoyou?
Hasthewriterprovidedsufficientsupport?
Whatotherinformationdoyouneedbeforeyoucanintelligentlyacceptorrejecttheideas?
Howdotheauthor'
sideasfitwithwhatyouknowaboutthesubject?
Isthereanyevidenceofbias?
Ofanunderlying,butunstatedmotive?
Torepeat:
thegoodreaderisanactivereader,thinkingandquestioningallthewaythroughthetext.
Toillustratewhatthegoodreaderdoessubconsciously,letuspracticewithashortparagraph.
Marriagewasnotdesignedasamechanismforprovidingfriendship,eroticexperience,romanticlove,personalfulfillment,continuouslaypsychotherapy,orrecreation.TheWesternEuropeanfamilywasnotdesignedtocarryalifelongloadofhighlyemotionalromanticfreight.Givenitspresentstructure,itsimplyhastofailwhenaskedtodoso.Theveryideaofanirrevocablecontractobligatingthepartiesconcernedtoalifetimeofromanticeffortisutterlyabsurd.
MervynCadwallader,
"
MarriageasaWretchedInstitution"
AtlanticMonthly
Asyoureadthroughtheparagraph,firstdetermineifthereareanywordswhosemeaningyouarenotsureof.Threewords,inparticular,mightcausesomedifficulty.Thefirst,lay,inthephrase"
laypsychotherapy"
isusedasanadjective,soyoucanskiptheverbdefinitionsinthedictionary.Ofthefollowingthreeadjectivedefinitions,whichseemsmostappropriate?
(1)pertainingto(属于关于),comingfrom,orservingthelaity;
secular;
alaypreacher.
(2)practicingpsychoanalysisbutnothavingamedicaldegree:
alayanalyst.(3)of,ortypicalof,theaverageorcommonman:
layopinion.
Definition2bestfitsthecontext,accordingtothecontextclue"
psychotherapy."
Thesecondword,freight,insentence2isusedinanunusualway.Sincenowhereintheparagraphisthereanymentionofarailroad,wecaninferthatfreight—asitisusedinthephrase"
alifelongloadofhighlyemotionalromanticfreight"
—refersmetaphoricallytoaburden.
Thethirdwordthatmightcauseareadersomedifficultyoccursinthelastsentence:
irrevocable.Hereyoumighttrytobreakthewordintoitsconstituentpartstoseeifyoucandetermineitsmeaningbeforeyoureachforthedictionary.Embeddedinthemiddleistherootrevoke,meaning"
toannulorcancel"
.Theprefixir-means"
not"
andthesuffix-ableisself-evident,"
ableto"
.Puttingallofthistogether,then,yieldsadefinitionsomethinglikethis—"
notabletobeannulledorcancelled"
—aperfectlyacceptabledefinitionforthiscontext.Finally,ifanyotherwordsintheparagraphcausedyoudifficulty,lookthemupnowbeforecontinuing.
Thenextstepistogothroughthepassageonesentenceatatime,paraphrasingeachtoyourself.Togiveyourselfsomepractice,tryyourownhandatthisstep.Usingasheetofpaper,paraphraseCadwallader'
sparagraphbeforecomparingyourversionwiththeoneprovidedhere.
Marriagewasnotdesignedasamechanismforprovidingfriendship,eroticexperience,romanticlove,personalfulfillment,continuouslaypsychotherapy,orrecreation.
Sentence1saysthatmarriageisnotdesignedasasystemtoprovidefriendship,sexualexperience,romanticlove,personalfulfillmentforone'
sambitions,constantamateurpsychologicaltherapy,orplay.ThesecondsentencecanbeparaphrasedtosaythattheWesternEuropeanfamily(meaningmarriage)wasnotintendedtobeburdenedwithalifelongcommitmenttoromanticlove.
Thethirdsentencesuggeststhatmarriage,accordingtothewaytheinstitutionworksnow,canonlyfailwhenpartnersareaskedtomakethatlifelongcommitment.(Notethatthewords"
whenaskedtodoso"
refertothephraseinthesecondsentenceaboutmarriage"
carryingalifelongloadofhighlyemotionalromanticfreight"
.Thetechniqueofomittingawordorphrasefromapreviousstatementiscalledanellipsis,anditcanconfusetheunwaryreader.Theauthorassumesthatthereaderseestheconnectionbetweenthefirstideaandtheunstatedsecondone.)
Thefinalsentencecanbeparaphrasedtosaythatitisridiculoustoexpectmarriagetobeanirrevocablecontractthatrequiresthepartnerstocommitthemselvestoalifelongromanticeffort.Obviously,thisparaphraseisnotwordedaselegantlyastheoriginal,butitnonethelessaccuratelyrestatestheoriginal.
Thenextstepistosummarizetheparagraph.Cadwalladerisconcernedwiththesubjectofmarriage,specificallytheWesternEuropeanversionofthisinstitution.Further,sinceAmericanmarriagepatternsarebasedontheEuropean,wecanassumethatheintendshisideastopertaintomarriagecustomsintheUnitedStates,aswell.Theauthorwantsustounderstandthattheinstitutionofmarriageisdestinedtofailbecausepeoplewronglyexpectthatromanticlovecanbesustainedforalifetime.
Eachsentenceintheparagraphbuildstohisconclusion:
Sentences1and2statewhatmarriagewasnotdesignedtodo.Sentence3drawsaconclusionfromthefirsttwosentences;
sentence4restatesthemainideaandendswithanemphaticstatementofopinion,thatourhighexpectationsformarriageareutterlyabsurd.
WhatsupportfortheseobservationsdoesCadwalladeroffer?
Sinceheconcentratesonwhattheinstitutionofmarriagewasnotdesignedtodo,thereislittleinthewayofsupportforthemainidea.Thepassagerepresentsonlytheauthor'
ssubjectiveopinion.Althoughtherearenofactsorexplanationstosupportthemainidea,wemustrememberthatthisparagraphcomesfromtheopeningsectionofamagazinearticleandisthereforetakenoutofcontext.Wecouldreasonablyexpectthattheauthorwillprovidesupportforthisopinioninthebodyofthearticle.
Furthermore,thecarefulreaderanticipates.Aglanceatthetitleofthearticle,"
suggeststhattheauthor'
spositionwillbenegative.Sincetheparagraphemphasizeswhatmarriagewasnotintendedtodo,wemight,then,expecttheauthortostrengthenhisargumentbywritingareasonedexplanationofwhatmarriagecanaccomplish.
Finally,thegoodreaderalsoasksquestionsthatgobeyondthescopeofthepassage.Forexample,howdootherculturesviewmarriage,ifitisnotintendedtoperpetuateromanticlove?
Whatarethereasonsthatpeopleinotherculturesmarry?
Arewewrongtoexpectthatromanticlovewillendureforalifetime?
Ifothercultureshaveamorerealisticattitudetowardmarriage,aretheirdivorcerateslower?
Intheeverydayworld,itisobviouslyimpracticaltoparaphraseeverysentenceyouread,yetsometimesthepracticeofrestatingtheauthor'
smeaninginyourownwordsisusefuliftheideasarecomplexorifyouwanttobesurethatyouarecomingawaywithanaccurateunderstandingoftheoriginal.(Thestatementthatyouhaven'
treallyunderstoodanideauntilyouputitintoyourownwordsistruenotonlyforyourwritingbutforyourreadingaswell.)
Ifthesestepsseemundulytedious,rememberthatwithpracticeyouwillgetbetterandfaster.Intensivereadingofshortpiecesisthebestwaytopromotecriticalandanalyticalreading,andthatistheaimofeverythinginthistext.
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