what and why and how文档格式.docx
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what and why and how文档格式.docx
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Ourmoderncalendar,calledtheGregorianCalendar,hasdays,weeks,monthsandyears.IntheMayanCalendarit'
smorecomplex.Infact,it'
sreallythreecalendarsatthesametime.
Firstthere'
sareligiouscalendarthattakes260daystocompleteafullreligiouscycle.Thereare20"
weeks"
madeupof13days.Eachweekhasaspecialname,agraphiclogoanduniquemeaningassociatedwithit.ThisremindsmeoftheChineseyearswhichcyclethrough"
theyearoftherat"
and"
theyearofthemonkey,"
etc.,eachwithit'
sspecialimageandmeaning.
Graphiclogosforeachofthe20religiousweeks.
Nextthereisthesolarcalendar.Thishas365days,likeourmoderncalendar.It'
sdividedin18monthsof20dayseach.Attheendofthecyclethere'
sfivespecialdaysconsideredtobeunluckybecausetheydon'
tbelongtoanymonth.Eachofthemonthshasaspecialname,graphiclogoandsomespecialsignificance,similartotheiconsfortheweeksinthereligiouscalendar.
Soitispossible,foranyspecificdate,thecalculatethereligiousweekandthesolarmonthandtopredicttheinfluencesthatmightbeguidingfate.Butthat'
snotreallywhat'
sinvolvedwiththeprophecyof2012.Tounderstandthatwemustlookatthethirdcalendar,calledthelongcount.
Whilethefirsttwocyclescouldbethoughtofascogsorgears(seebelow)revolvingthroughtime,thelongcountisalinearnumberofdays,startingfromthefirstday,"
1,"
andcountingthrougheachdaytothepresent.Anydayinhistorycanberecordedusingthelongcountand,withsomesimplemathematics,thecorrespondingreligiousweekandsolarmonthcanalsobefound.
Inwritingthisarticle,Ithoughtaboutcreatingajavascriptprogramthatwoulddothiscalculation.Myfriend,GeneMatlock,thentoldmethatwhenhewasinMexico,hefoundaplacethatsoldwooden,mechanicalcalculatorswithgearsthatdidjustthat.HesaidthatMexicanssometimesusedthesemechanicalcalendarstoforetellthefutureortofindauspicioustimesforspecialeventslikemarriageorbirths.Anyway,althoughitmightbenicetoknowthereligiousandsolarsignificance,it'
sthelongcountthatforetellsDoomsday.
Cogor"
gears"
canbeusedtocomputethereligiousandsolarcyclesforanydate.
Thedaysofthelongcountarenumberedwithanunusualsystem.Insteadofwritingnumbersaswedo,fromrighttoleftwitheachplacebeingamultipleof10(i.e.10000,1000,100,10,1),theMayanshadonly5places.
Thefirstplacerecordedanumberfrom0to20.Totheleft,thesecondplacecouldhavearangefrom0to17;
thethirdfrom0to19;
thefourthfrom0to19andthelastfrom0to12.Thenumberswerewrittenfromrighttoleft,likeoursystem,separatedbyadot.Insteadofmultiplesof10,thefirstplacehadamultipleof1(likeoursystem);
thesecondplaceamultipleof20;
thethirdamultipleof360;
thefourthamultipleof7200andthefifthamultipleof144000.
Soalongcountnumber,forexample,couldbewrittenas4.12.5.9.0andwouldbecalculatedasfollows:
(4x144000)+(12x7200)+(5x360)+(9x20)+(0x1)oralongcountof664,380.
It'
snottoodifficulttorealizethatthemaximumnumberwhichcanberecordedthiswaywouldbe12.19.19.17.20,althoughsomeresearchersliketowriteitas13.0.0.0.0.Thisamountstoalongcountnumberof1,872,000daysor5125.36yearsofourmoderncalculations.Obviously,thecalendarisveryold!
Overtheyears,archaeologistshavefoundcarvedmonumentsthatrecordedthelongcountforknowndatesinMayanhistory.Onceadatewasfixedintime,itwaseasytodetermine"
day1"
asAugust11th,3114BC.Anditwasalsoeasytocalculatethedateatwhichthecalendarwouldend--December21st,2012.
Trustme,justbecausethecalendarendsdoesn'
tprovethattime,ortheworld,orlifewillend.WeneedtolookcarefullyatDecember21,2012andtrytounderstandwhytheMayansnevercalculatedadatebeyondthispointintime.TodothiswemustmovefromArchaeologytothescienceofAstronomyandAstrophysics.
sallabouttheSun
sironic(ormaybenot)thattheMayanCalendarisoftencalledthe"
sunstone."
Whilethecalendardoeshave"
solar"
days,acknowledgingthe365daysittakesforEarthtorotatearoundtheSun,itisalsotruethattheSunplaysakeyroleinthefinaldayofthe"
longcount."
TounderstandwhatwillhappentotheSunonDecember21,2012,weneedtoreviewsomescientifictermslike"
ecliptic,"
"
barycenter,"
sunspots."
Theseareimportantinthediscussionthatfollows.We'
llstartwiththemostdifficultonefirst.
Termswewillencounter...
WhatistheBarycenter?
You'
venodoubtheardthatEarthrevolvesaroundthesun.Well,actually,that'
snotquitetrue!
Haveyouheardtheterm"
centerofgravity"
?
It'
satechnical-soundingtermforsomethingprettysimple.It'
stheexactcenterofallthematerial(thatis,mass)thatmakesuptheobject.Forexample,ifyouhaveastraightstick,likearuleroryardstick,there'
saplaceatthemiddlewhereyoucanbalanceitonyourfinger.That'
sitscenterofgravity.
Butthecenterofgravitymayormaynotbethepointthatisexactlyinthemiddle,distance-wise,oftheobject.Somepartsoftheobjectmaybeheavier(denser)thanothers.Ifyouhavesomethinglikeasledgehammerthatisheavierononeendthantheother,thecenterofgravitywillbemuchclosertotheheavyendthanthelighterend.
Togetanideaofwherethecenterofgravityis,resttheendsofanyobjectliketherulerorapencilononefingerfromeachhand.Slowlymoveyourfingerstogetherwithoutdroppingtheobject.Yourfingerswillmeetunderneaththeobject'
scenterofgravity.Youcanbalancetheobjectononefingeratthatspecialplace.
Theactualcenterofgravitycouldbeclosetothesurfaceordeepinside,dependingonwhethertheobjectisflatlikearuleroradinnerplate,or"
three-dimensional,"
likeaboxoraball.Andifyoulettheobjectspin(likewhenyouthrowit),itwilltrytospinaboutthatpoint.
InthecaseoftheEarthandthesun,bothbodiesactuallyrevolve,orspin,aroundtheverycenterofthemass(similartocenterofgravity)betweenthem.Thispointiscalledthe"
barycenter."
Earthandthesunare"
connected"
bythegravitypullingthemtogether.It'
sjustlikethelightendandheavyendofthesledgehammer.Comparedtothesizeofthesun,Earthisaboutlikeafleaonacat!
SothecenterofmassbetweentheEarthandthesunisalmost--butnotquite--theverycenterofthesun.
InthecaseofaplanetthesizeofJupiter,whichis318timesasmassiveasEarth,thebarycenterofJupiterandthesunisabitfurtherfromthesun'
scenter.So,asJupiterrevolvesaroundthesun,thesunitselfisactuallyrevolvingaroundthisslightlyoff-centerpoint,locatedjustoutsideitscenter.Thus,aplanetthesizeofJupiterwillmakethesun(oranystar)appeartowobbleatinybit.Thispictureshowsyouthatthecenterofmassandbarycentercanbeslightlydifferentpoints.Itisn'
tmeanttobeveryaccurate!
Wecantakeadvantageofthisbitofknowledgeandlookforlargeplanetsinothersolarsystemsbylearningtodetectthistypeoftinywobbleinthestar'
sposition.
Fornow,let'
sforgetallthesmallplanetsandfocusonJupiter.ItmakesonecompletetriparoundtheSunevery11.861773years.There'
sanewtheoryputforthbyDr.RollinGillespiewhichshowsthatJupiter,andtoasmallerdegreetheotherlessmassiveplanets,maytriggerthe11yearcycleofsunspotsandsolarflares.
CONTINUED
Here'
showitworks.
ThebarycenterisnotasinglepointintheSun.BecausetheSunisarotatinggaseoussphere,thebarycenterformsavertical,cylindrical"
sleeve"
thatispartiallyinsideandoutsidethemainsolarbody.Alloftheplanetshavesucha"
sleeve,"
oneinsidetheother,dependingontheirrelativemassandthelocationoftheirbarycenters.TheparticularsleeverepresentingthemassofJupiterintersectsthesolarsurfaceat35.9degreesNorthandSouth.Thisispreciselywheresunspotandflareactivitybeginandendduringeach11yearcycle.
Thenewcyclehasalreadybegunwiththerecentobservationofasolarspotwithreversepolarity.Butsomesur
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