大一英语考试资料Word文档格式.docx
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大一英语考试资料Word文档格式.docx
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AftermuchhesitationIchoseaseatinthefirstrowandtotheside.
[3]"
WelcometoBiology101,"
theprofessorbegan.Oh,God,Ihadthoughtitwasaliteratureclass.Acoldsweatbrokeoutonthebackofmyneck.Igropedformyscheduleandcheckedtheroomnumber.Iwasintherightroombutthewrongbuilding.
[4]Sonowwhat?
Getupandleaveinthemiddleofthelecture?
Wouldn'
ttheprofessorbeangry?
Ikneweveryonewouldstare.Forgetit.Isettledintomychairandtriedtolookasseriousasabiologymajormightbe.
[5]AfterclassIfeltalittlehungry,andIhurriedtothecafeteria.IpiledmytraywithsandwichesandwasheadingfortheseatwhenIaccidentallysteppedinalargepuddleofketchup.MyfoodtraytippedandIlostmybalance.Asmyrearendmetthefloor,Isawmyentirelifepassbeforemyeyes;
itendedwithmyfirstdayofcollegeclasses.
[6]InthesecondsaftermyfallIthoughthowniceitwouldbeifnoonehadnoticed.Butasallthestudentsinthecafeteriacametotheirfeet,cheeringandclapping,Iknewtheyhadnotonlynoticed,theyweredeterminedthatIwouldneverforgetit.
[7]ForthenextthreedaysIdinedaloneonnothingmorethanshame,andsomejunkfoodfromamachineplacedoutsidemyroom.OnthefourthdayIthoughtIneededsomerealfoodbadly.Perhapsthreedayswaslongenoughforthecampuspopulation[N]tohaveforgottenme.SoofftothecafeteriaIwent.
[8]Imademywaythroughthefoodlineandtiptoedtoatable.SuddenlyIheardacrashthatsoundedfamiliar.IlookeduptofindthatanotherpoorsoulhadmetthesamefateasIhad.Myheartwentouttohimaspeoplebegantocheerandclapastheyhadforme.Hegotup,handsheldhighabovehisheadinavictoryclasp,grinningfromeartoear.IexpectedhimtoslipoutofthecafeteriaasIhad,butinsteadheturnedaroundandbeganpreparinganothertray.Andthat'
swhenIrealizedIhadbeentakingmyselffartooseriously.
[9]WhocaredwhetherIdroppedatray,whereIsatinclass,orevenwhetherIshowedupinthewronglecture?
Nobody.Thiswasn'
tlikehighschool.Incollege,itdidn'
tmatter.Thiswasmybigchancetodomyownthing.
[10]OnceIrealizedthatIhadnoone'
sexpectationstoliveuptobutmyown,Irelaxed.Ibegantoviewcollegeasawonderfulexperiment.Idressedalittledifferently,Idiscoveredatasteforjazz,andIdecidedIlikedgoingbarefoot.
[11]Igaveuptryingtoactmywaythroughcollegeandbegannotactingatall.College,Idecided,wasprobablytheonlytimeIwouldbecompletelyforgivenforanymistakes(includingsteppinginpuddlesofketchupanddroppingfoodtrays).SoIusedtheopportunitytomakealltheonesIthoughtI'
devermake.
[12]Threeyearsaftergraduation,I'
mstillmakingmistakes.AndI'
mevenbeingforgivenforafew.
DoAnimalsHaveaCulture?
JohnFriedl
Lately,socialscientistshavebeguntoaskifcultureisfoundjustinhumans,orifsomeanimalshaveaculturetoo.Whenwespeakofculture.Wemeanawayoflifeagroupofpeoplehaveincommon.Cultureincludesthebeliefsandattitudeswelearn.Itisthepatternsofbehaviorthathelppeopletolivetogether.Itisalsothepatternsofbehaviorthatmakeonegroupdifferentfromanothergroup.
Ourcultureletsusmakeupforhavinglostourstrength,claws,longteethandsomeotherdefenses.Instead,weusetools,cooperatewithoneanother,andcommunicatewithlanguage.Buttheseaspectsofbehavior,or’’culture”,canalsobefoundinthelivesofcertainanimals.
Weusedtothinkthattheabilitytousetoolswasthedividinglinebetweenhumanbeingsandanimals.Lately,howeverwehavefoundthatthisisnotthecase.Chimpanzeescannotonlyusetools,butactuallymaketoolsthemselves.Thisisamajorstepupfromsimplypickingupahandyobjectandusingit.Forexample,chimpanzeeshavebeenseenstrippingtheleavesofabranch,thenputtingitintoatermitenest.Whenthetermitesbiteatthestick,thechimpanzeeremovesitandeatsthemofftheend----likeouruseofafork.
Forsometimewethoughtthatalthoughhumanbeingslearnedtheirculture,animalscouldnotbetaughtsuchbehavior.Oreveniftheycouldlearn,theywouldnotteachoneanotherinthewayhumansdo.This,too,hasproventobeuntrue.AgroupofJapanesemonkeyswasstudiedattheKyotoUniversityMonkeyCenterinJapan.Theyweregivensweetpotatoesbyscientistswhowantedtoattractthemtotheshoreofanisland.Onedayayoungfemalebegantowashhersweetpotatotogetridofthesand.Thispracticesoonspreadthroughthegroup.Itbecamelearnedbehavior,notfromhumansbutfromothermonkeys.Nowalmostallthemonkeyswhohavecomeintocontactwiththisgroupdonot.Thusthereis“culture”deferenceamonganimals.
Wehaveruledouttooluseandinventionaswaysoftellinganimalbehaviorandhumanbehavior.Wehavealsoruledoutthelearningandsharingofbehavior.Yetwestillhaveheldontothelastfeature---language.Buteventheuseoflanguagecannolongerseparatehumanculturefromanimalculture.Attemptstoteachapestospeakhavefailed.Butteachingthemlanguagehasbeenverysuccessfulifwearewillingtoacceptotherformsthanjustthespokenword.TwopsychologiststrainedachimpanzeenamedWashoetouseStandardAmericanSignLanguage.Thisisthesamelanguageusedbydeafpeople.Inthislanguage,talkismadethroughgestures,andnotbyspellingoutwordswithindividualletters.Bythetimeshewasfiveyearsold,Washoehadavocabularyof130signs.Also,shecouldputthemtogetherinnewwaysthathadnotbeentaughtoriginally.Thismeansshecouldcreatelanguageandnotjustmimicit.Shecreatesherownsentencesthathaverealmeaning.Thishasallowedtwo-waytalk.Itpermitsmorethanone-waycommandandresponse.
Ofcourse,therearelimitstothecultureofanimals.Asfarasweknow,noapehasformedsocialinstitutionssuchasreligionorlaw.Also,somechimpanzeesmaybeabletolearnsignlanguage,butthisformoflanguageislimitedinitsabilitytocommunicateabstractideas.Yetwithaspokenlanguagewecancommunicateourentireculturetoanyoneelsewhoknowsthatlanguage.Perhapsthemostimportantthingisthatthelinedividingusfromthemisnotasclearasweusedtothink.
fromFortLauderdale,Floridainfineweather.Therewasatotaloffourteenmenonboardtheplanes.Theplaneswereingoodcondition;
theyhadthebestequipmentonboardincludingcompassesandradios,andtheyalsocarriedliferafts.Theplanescouldfloatonwaterforninetyseconds.Oneandahalfhoursafterthetake-off,aradiomessagefromoneoftheplaneswasheardatthecontroltoweratFortLauderdale.
[2]"
Idon'
tknowwhereweare."
[3]Afterthattheplanescouldnolongerspeaktothecontroltower,buttheycouldspeaktoandheareachother,andthecontroltowercouldhearthem.
[4]"
Themagneticcompassisgoingcrazy."
[5]"
We'
recompletelylost."
[6]Noothermessageswereheardafterthat.Nobodyelseheardfromtheplanesorsawthemagain.Threehundredplanesandmanyboatssearchedthearea,butnotonetraceofFlight19wasfound.Thenoneoftheplanesthatwassenttolookforthemalsodisappearedcompletely.
[7]TheseplaneshaddisappearedinaverymysteriouspartoftheworldinthewesternAtlanticOceanwherelotsofstrangeeventshavetakenplace.Themysterystartedlongbefore1945,andsincethatyearmanyothershipsandplaneshavealsodisappearedinthisarea.ItiscalledtheBermudaTriangle.Itisalarge,triangularareaoftheoceanwiththeislandofBermudaatitsnortherntip.
[8]Planesandshipsdisappearinotherpartsoftheworld,buttherearemoredisappearancesintheTrianglethaninotherareas.Foryearsnowscientistsandothershavebeenpuzzledbythismystery.Therehavebeenmanyattemptstoexplainwhypeople,planesandshipsdisappearinsuchhighnumbershere.
[9]Onewriter,JohnSpencer,believesthattheshipsandplaneshavebeencarriedofffromtheseaandskybyflyingsaucersorUFOsfromanotherplanet.Sincetherearemillionsofotherplanetsintheuniverse,Spencerbelievestheremustbeotherintelligentcreaturessomewhereintheuniverse.Thesecreaturesareinterestedincollectinghumansandtheirequipmentsothattheycanexaminethemcarefully.
[10]Anothertheoryisthatthegeographyoftheareaisresponsibleforthedisappearancesoftheshipsandplanes.Bermudaliesonanearthquakebelt.Underwaterearthquakesresultinlargewavesappearingsuddenly.Thesewavesaresobigthattheycanbreakashipintopieces.Intheair,asimilarthingcanhappentoairplanesbecauseofsuddenstrongwinds.
[11]AswithFlight19,manyboatsandplaneshavereportedthattheirmagneticcompassesstopworkingproperlyintheBermudaTriangle.Normallyamagneticcompasspointstowardsmagneticnorth.However,theBermudaTriangleisoneofthetwoplacesonEarthinwhichacompasspointstowardstruenorth.Therefore,thereissomethingstrangeaboutthemagneticpropertiesofthearea.
[12]Manypeoplehavefoundtheseexplanationsdifficulttobelieve.However,themostrecenttheoryhasascientificb
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