Overview Sentence Structure 美国大学入学考试英语复习资料.docx
- 文档编号:17184879
- 上传时间:2023-04-24
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:8
- 大小:19.85KB
Overview Sentence Structure 美国大学入学考试英语复习资料.docx
《Overview Sentence Structure 美国大学入学考试英语复习资料.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Overview Sentence Structure 美国大学入学考试英语复习资料.docx(8页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
OverviewSentenceStructure美国大学入学考试英语复习资料
Overview:
SentenceStructure
Asentenceisagroupofwordsthatmakeacompletestatement.Sentencesaremadeupofclauses.Everyclausehastwoparts:
∙Asubjectandallitsmodifiers
∙Averbandallitsmodifiers
Aclausethatcanstandaloneiscalledanindependentclause.Asentencemusthaveatleastoneindependentclause.Butitcanalsohavemorethanoneclause.
Sentence:
Jackwalked.
Thesentenceaboveconsistsofoneindependentclause.Jackisthesubjectoftheclause,andwalkedistheverb.
Subjects
Thesubjectisthepersonorthingthattheclauseisabout.Subjectsarealwaysnounsorwordsactingasnouns.Whenwerefertothesimplesubjectofaclause,wearepointingtothenounalone.Whenwerefertothecompletesubject,wearepointingtothenounandallitsmodifiers.
Completesubject:
Jack,accompaniedbyhisdogRoscoe,walked.
Intheexample,thegroupofwordsaccompaniedbyhisdogRoscoedescribessomethingaboutthesubjectJack.SothecompletesubjectisJack,accompaniedbyhisdogRoscoe.
Verbs
Theverbgivestheactionoftheclause.Theverbalsotellsthetimeoftheaction—present,past,orfuture.Averbcanhaveseveralparts.Allthepartstogetherformthecompleteverb.
Completeverb:
Jackwaswalkingupthehill.
Intheexample,waswalkingisthecompleteverb.Itismadeupofamainverb(walking)andahelpingverb(was).Likeasubject,averbcanalsohavemodifiers.Intheexample,thephraseupthehillmodifiestheverbwaswalkingbecauseittellssomethingabouttheaction.Acompleteverbtogetherwithallitsmodifiersiscalledthepredicateofthesentence.
Predicate:
Jackwaswalkingupthehill.
TypesofSentencesbyPurpose
Sentencescanbeidentifiedbythepurposetheyserve.Theycanbedeclarative,interrogative,imperative,andexclamatory.Mostsentencesaredeclarative.Declarativesentencesarestatements.
Declarativesentence:
Dinosaurswouldmakegreatpets.
Interrogativesentencesaskaquestion.Putaquestionmarkattheendofaninterrogativesentence.Interrogativesentencesoftenstartwithaquestionword:
who,what,where,when,how,whom,whose,which.
Interrogativesentence:
Whenwillthesalesmeetingstart?
Imperativesentencesissueacommandoraninstruction.Thesubjectofanimperativesentenceisalwaysyou.Thesubjectyouisunderstood;itisnotstatedinthesentence.
Imperativesentence:
[You]Pleasehandinyourexampapers.
Exclamatorysentencesexpresssurpriseorstrongemotion.Anexclamatorysentenceendswithanexclamationpoint.
Exclamatorysentence:
Ican'tbelieveyouateallthaticecream!
TurningaDeclarativeSentenceintoanInterrogativeSentence
Statementscanbeturnedintoquestions.Youmayhavetochangethewordorderofthesentenceandaddahelpingverboraquestionword.
Method1:
Ifthereisahelpingverbinthesentence,moveittothestartofthestatement.
Statement:
TheofficewillbeclosedonMonday.
Question:
WilltheofficebeclosedonMonday?
Method2:
Adddotothestartofthestatement.Changethemainverbtoitspresenttenseform.
Statement:
Thecollegearrangedformorescholarshipstobeawarded.
Question:
Didthecollegearrangeformorescholarshipstobeawarded?
Noticethattheverbarrangedbecomesarrangewhendidisadded.
Method3:
Changethesubjecttowho,what,orwhich,orusewhosetostartthequestion.
Statement:
Thisphotoisthebestphotointheexhibit.
Question:
Whichisthebestphotointheexhibit?
Statement:
Someone'sparentsareinthewaitingroom.
Question:
Whoseparentsareinthewaitingroom?
Method4:
Addwhom,when,where,orhowtothestartofthesentence,andputthesubjectbetweenthehelpingverbandthemainverb.
Statement:
Theclassstartsinanhour.
Question:
Whenwilltheclassstart?
Question:
Whendoestheclassstart?
Noticethatahelpingverb(willordoes)hasbeenaddedandthatthemainverb(start)isnowinthepresenttenseform.
TypesofSentencesbyStructure
Fourtypesofsentencestructuresareusedinwriting:
simple,compound,complex,andcompound-complex.
SimpleSentences
Asimplesentenceconsistsofoneindependentclause.Noticethatasimplesentencecanhavemorethanonesubjectandmorethanoneverb.
Simplesentence:
Theyareexpectingmanyopportunitiesforthefuture.
Thesentenceabovehasonesubject(They)andoneverb(areexpecting).
Simplesentence:
Ihaveplansforthefutureandwanttorealizethemall.
Theprecedingsentencehasonesubject(I)andtwoverbs(have,want).
Simplesentence:
EdandJimtookthedogsforawalk.
Intheprecedingexample,therearetwosubjects(Ed,Jim)andoneverb(took).
Simplesentence:
MargaritaandIshopandgossipatthemall.
Theexampleabovehastwosubjects(Margarita,I)andtwoverbs(shop,gossip).
CompoundSentences
Acompoundsentenceconsistsoftwoormoreindependentclausesjoinedtogether.Theclausescanbejoinedbyacommaandacoordinatingconjunction(and,but,for,nor,or,so,oryet)orbyasemicolon.
Compoundsentence:
NatashaandChristywantedtostayinafancyhotel,buttheydidn'thaveenoughmoney.
Compoundsentence:
NatashaandChristywenttoMexicoonvacation;theyusedtheirsavingstopayforthetrip.
ComplexSentences
Acomplexsentenceiscomposedofoneindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause.Adependentclausebeginswitheitherasubordinatingconjunctionorarelativepronoun.
Complexsentence:
BecauseIregisteredearly,IgottheclassesIwanted.
Intheexample,thedependentclauseisBecauseIregisteredearly.Thedependentclausecancomebeforeoraftertheindependentclause.
Hint:
Asshownintheexample,acommacomesafteradependentclausethatstartsasentence.
Herearelistsofsubordinatingconjunctionsandrelativepronouns.
SubordinatingConjunctions
after
because
since
until
although
before
so
when
as
evenif
sothat
whenever
asif
eventhough
than
where
aslongas
how
that
wherever
assoonas
if
though
whether
asthough
inorderthat
unless
while
RelativePronouns
who
whom
whose
which
that
Compound-ComplexSentences
Acompound-complexsentencehasatleasttwoindependentclausesandatleastonedependentclause.
Compound-complexsentence:
BecauseIstartedmyreportearly,Ihandeditinontime,butmanystudentshadtroublemeetingthedeadline.
Intheexample,thedependentclauseisBecauseIstartedmyreportearly.TheindependentclausesareIhandeditinontimeandmanystudentshadtroublemeetingthedeadline.
Compound-complexsentence:
BecauseIstartedmyreportearly,Ihandeditinontime;however,manystudentshadtroublemeetingthedeadline.
Inthisexample,thecomplexandcompoundsentencesarejoinedbyasemicolon.Noticethatthetransitionalword(however)isfollowedbyacomma.
CombiningSentences
Youcancombinedifferenttypesofclausestoachievevarietyinyourwriting.Usecoordinatingconjunctions,subordinatingconjunctions,andrelativepronounstojointheclauses.
CreatingCompoundSentences
Youcancreateacompoundsentencefromtwo(ormore)simplesentences.Jointhesimplesentenceswithacommaandacoordinatingconjunction(and,but,for,nor,or,so,oryet).Oruseasemicolontojointhesimplesentences.
Simplesentence:
Amyenjoysreading.
Simplesentence:
Amycanreadveryquickly.
Compoundsentence:
Amyenjoysreading,andshecanreadveryquickly.
Compoundsentence:
Amyenjoysreading;shecanreadveryquickly.
CreatingComplexSentences
Youcanusesubordinatingconjunctionsandrelativepronounstomakeasimplesentence(anindependentclause)intoadependentclause.Thenyoucanaddthenewdependentclausetoanindependentclausetoproduceacomplexsentencethataddsinterestandvarietytoyourwriting.
Howdoyouknowwhichsimplesentenceshouldbeindependentandwhichshouldbedependent?
Theideathatyouthinkismoreimportantshouldbetheindependentclause.Thelessimportantideawillthenbethedependentclause.Thefollowingexampleshowshowtocombinesimplesentencestomakeacomplexsentence.
Simplesentence:
Devinhasademandingjob.
Simplesentence:
Devinreallyenjoyshisjob.
Complexsentence:
ThoughDevinhasademandingjob,hereallyenjoysit.
ThiscomplexsentencestressesthatDevinenjoyshisjob.Thatthejobisdemandingislessimportant,sothedependentclauseisThoughDevinhasademandingjob.
Complexsentence:
Devinhasademandingjob,thoughhereallyenjoysit.
Inthiscomplexsentence,thefactthatDevin'sjobisdemandingistheimportantpoint,soitisstatedintheindependentclauseandthoughhereallyenjoysitisthedependentclause.
Hint:
Ifthedependentclausestartsthesentence,followitwithacomma.
CreatingCompound-ComplexSentences
Combineacompoundsentencewithacomplexsentencetogetacompound-complexsentence.Theindependentclausesmakethesentencecompound,andthedependentclausesmakeitcomplex.Hereisanexample.
Simplesentence:
Sheissellingheroldhouse.
Simplesentence:
Herhousehasonlyonebedroom.
Simplesentence:
Sheplanstobuyabiggerhouse.
Compound-complexsentence:
Sheissellingheroldhouse,whichhasonlyonebedroom,andsheplanstobuyabiggerhouse.
Compound-complexsentence:
Sheissellingheroldhouse,whichhasonlyonebedroom;undoubtedly,sheplanstobuyabiggerhouse.
ThetwoindependentclausesareSheissellingheroldhouseandsheplanstobuyabiggerhouse,andthedependentclauseiswhichhasonlyonebedroom.
SentencePunctuation
Whenyouarejoiningsentencestogether,remembertousecorrectpunctuation.
EndPunctuationforAllSentences
Useaperiod
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Overview Sentence Structure 美国大学入学考试英语复习资料 美国 大学 入学考试 英语 复习资料