The performance evaluation model for tourism industry selectionWord文件下载.docx
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TourismIndustry,AnalysisHierarchyProcess(AHP),AnalyticNetworkProcess(ANP),DecisionMakingTrialAndEvaluationLaboratory(DEMATEL)
1.Introduction
AccordingtotheMinistryofTourismBureauin2007,thereare5,420travelagenciesinTaiwan;
furthermore,the40%inTaipeicity.(InternetInformation)Also,thepeoplewhogoabroadhasincreasingoverthaneightmillionsinTaiwan.Thetourismindustryhasbecome“M”styleatthistimemoment.Thefamoustravelagenciesraisepricebutstillattacklotscustomers.Besides,therearesomelowcompetitionstravelagenciescannotsurviveatall.Fromtheconsumerbeliever,thecustomersatisfactioncouldimprovethecustomer’sloyalty.Thatinformationshowstheseriouscompetitionfromthetourismindustry.Accordingtothechangeofecologicaloftourismindustry,howtosurviveattheintensecompetitionenvironmentwouldbetheimportantissueinthispaper.Thetourismindustryhastounderstandtheimportantfactorswhichthecustomers’careintotheirindustryanalysisandmanagementinordertoimprovecompetitiveness.Thispaperaimsbothtourismindustryandcustomerstoconstructaperformanceevaluationmodeltoraisecustomers’satisfactionandgivethesuggestiontotourismindustry.
2.LiteratureReviews
Intheliteraturereviewswhichwouldincludetheconceptsofmarketingmanagementandthemethodologyofperformanceevaluation.
2.1.Marketingstrategy
Thereismuchdifferentmanagementwayindifferenttravelagencies;
also,themarketingstrategywouldnotsame.Themarketingstrategyisthefirstimagefortravelagenciestocustomers.Therefore,themarketingstrategywouldbethemostimportantfactorsfortourismindustry.Traditionmarketingconceptsisfocusontheproduct,buttheconceptshavebeentransittocustomerssatisfaction(Kuo,2003).Kotlersaysthatthemarkingisaprocessbetweensocialandmanagement.Also,canbeviaaprocessforpersonalandgrouptocreate,offerorexchangeforproductorservicethatcansatisfywants(Yang,2001).
ThemarketingComponentisincluding4Pswhichareproduct,pricepromotionandplace.The4Psapplyintourismindustryhasbeenlargeto8Ps.Theothersarephysicalenvironment,purchasingprocess,packagingandparticipation.The8Psisamarketingstrategyfortourismindustry(Morrison,1996).
2.2.TourismSatisfactions
TheSatisfiedapplyinconsumertheorymeansthattheReasonablevalueequaltotheconsumerpayfortheproduct(Howard&
Shrth,1969).Thesatisfactionfortourismwouldbealltheprocessofferingfromtourismtocustomersreactthedegreelikeornot.Thesatisfactioncanbedividedintothreecategories.Thereare:
(1)Promotion:
Huang(2002)mentionsthatthesalesfortourismindustryisviasurveys,analysisandforecastthetourismmarket,tourismproductdesign,packagingand,pricing;
Furtherpromotetourismcommodities,tradingtechniques,documentsortransferservicethroughvalue-addedupgradetoexplore,andexpandandmeetthetravelconsumergoodsortraveltothetouristdemandbusinessservices.
(2)Catering:
Crosbyetal.(1990)saysserviceisinvisible,complexandthelackofconsumerawarenessofthisuntriedoftenneedmorethanthetransfertime,andgoodrelationsqualitycanbereduceduncertainty.
(3)Resource:
Theresilienceofthetravelagents,consumersarechoosingatravelagentoneoftheconsiderations.
2.3.Pricing
Customerscanchoosepriceinthetravelindustry,hasacertainshareofabsoluteimportanceoftheneedtodefinealltheitineraryprice,value-for-money,socustomerscanreceivefurtherparticipationintourism.Zeithaml(1988)mentionsthatfromtheconsumer'
spointofviewpriceisconsumerstogetaproducttobeabandonedorthepriceofsacrifice."
Price"
isaffectingtheprofitabilityofcompaniesthemostimportantfactor,whichisoneoffactorsconsideredfortheconsumerdecision-making.Therefore,thetourismindustrymustpaymoreattentionoftheimportanceofprice(Lee,2006).Accordingtoeconomictheory,the"
Price-demand"
hasanegativerelationship.Consumersbudgetgastheconstraintsofitseffectivenessgreatly,whenthesameproducts,theconsumerswillchoosetobuylowpriceproductsbecauseofthelongperiodoftimeconsumerspayhighpricesofproducts,saidthatthefactorsofproductioninputsmoreexpensive,andtheproductqualityrelativefine,thatis,priceandqualitywillbeapositiverelationship.Therefore,theconsumerscanusepriceasanindicatorsmessageforproductquality(Scitovsky,1945).
2.4.Brand
Brandhistoricalattitudeonbehalfofatravelagency,generallyconsidersthattheequivalentbrandquality.Therefore,customerschoosefamoustravelagent.Customersunderstandandconsiderbrandingawarenessofthetravelindustryasgeneralanimportantindicator.Aaker(1996)proposethatcreatesfivebrandvalue:
1.Helpconsumersregainandtransferofinformation.
2.Providingproductdifferentiationandpositioningbenchmarks.
3.Aproductattributesandcustomerinterests.
4.Providecustomerswiththepurchaseandusethebrand
5.Createimagine.
Walters(1978)offeringthatenterpriseswillbedividedintothefollowingthreeimage;
Theyarecorporateimage,andmerchandiseimageandfunctionalimage.Fromthefunctionalimagecandividedintoanotherfourdimensions.Theyareserviceimage,storeimagepriceimageandpromotionimage.
2.5.Methodology
TherearetwoMulti-CriteriaDecisionMethods(MCDM)appliedinthispaper,whichareDecisionMakingTrialandEvaluationLaboratory(DEMATEL)andAnalyticalHierarchyProcess(ANP).
2.5.1DecisionMakingTrialandEvaluationLaboratory(DEMATEL)
DecisionMakingTrialandEvaluationLaboratory(DEMATEL)isawaytoanalysisthemanagementproblemsofcomplexrelationship.ThismethodologyhasbeencreatedbyBattelleGenevaAssociation.TheDEMATELhasbeenappliedtosolvetheinterrelatedissues.Therearetwolimitsolutions;
1.Solutionsmustbereachedinoneormoretargets.2.Theseobjectivesmustalsobeassociatedwiththemajorityofhumanbeings(Hu,2003).Lin(2004)appliedDEMATELinthecompanyqualityevaluation.Hu(2003)alsoappliedDEMATELinherresearchofenterprisesofthecomplexityofquantitativeresearch.
2.5.2.AnalyticalNetworkProcess(ANP)
TheAnalyticalHierarchyProcess(AHP)isamethodologytoevaluatetheoptionswhichcreatedbyThomasL.Saatyin1971.But,theAHPappliedtoresolvetheproblemwhichevaluationcriteriahavebeindependent.Besides,therearemanyproblemshaveinnerorouterrelationwhichcouldnotapplyAHPfortheresearch.SaatycreatedanalyticalNetworkProcess(ANP)inordertosolvethecomplexproblems.ANPhasbeenwidelyusedinresearchanddevelopmentprogramssuchasthechoice,allocationofresources,productplanning,informationsystemsoptions,andotherissuesHsu(2001)appliedANPintheresearchofenterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)systemusingANPsupplytocarryouttheselection.Cheng(2004)utilizeAHPinthecar-buyingdecision-making.Wu(2001)aimsurbanareasreplacementproblemsapplyingANPtoselectthemostfittingurbanareasforreplacing.
3.Theperformanceevaluationconstruction
Accordingtotheliteraturereviews,thispaperconstructsthebasicevaluationhierarchystructure(seeasTable1).
Table1.Performanceevaluationmodelfortourismindustryselection
Performanceevaluationmodelfortourismindustryselection
1.Marking
1.1Product
1.2MarketingPromotion
1.3Natureenvironment
1.4Purchaseprocess
2.customers’satisfaction
2.1Promoteprojects
2.2Service
2.3Responsecapabilities
3.Price
3.1Priceandquality
3.2Credibilityandsensitivity
3.3Salereaction
4.Brand
4.1Brandcharacteristics
4.2Brandimage
4.3Customersbenefit
4.4Value
InordertoconstructthisevaluationmodelthemethodologyDEMATELandANPisappliedforthisspecialcase.FromSaatysuggestion,applyingAHPorANPhastomakesuretherelationshipbetweenalldimensionsandallevaluationcriteria.
Therearetwophasetoconstructthismodel
Phase1.
Forthemodelaccuracy,theDEMATELisappliedtomakesuretherelationshipbetweenallcriteria.
TherearefourstepsinDEMATEL.
Step1.Utilizeallcriteriaintotheevaluatingmatrixbypair–comparison.Theratingis0to4.TheomeansthatthereisnoinfluencefromAcriteriontoBcriterion.Theratingisinfluencingdegree.Thefigure1isthebasicinfluencematrix.
Figure1.influencematrix
Step2.Utilizefigure1calculate
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