定语从句的基本用法1Word文件下载.docx
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定语从句的基本用法1Word文件下载.docx
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说明主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子。
∴定从作用
在句子中作定语,修饰句子中的某一名词或代词,从句须放在先行词之后。
先行词
被定语从句所修饰的词
关系词
用于引导一个定语从句,代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分。
∴关系词作用
1)引导定语从句。
2)代替先行词。
3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。
∴公式:
主句(先行词)+定语从句(关联词+从句的其他成分)
关系词分类
关系代词:
whichthatwhowhomwhose
关系副词:
whenwherewhy
(二)关系代词的作用
1.关系代词:
用来连接定语从句,并在从句中代表先行词的代词。
先行词是物:
whichthat先行词是人:
whothat
2.关系代词的用法
在从句中的句子成分
用于限制从句或非限制性从句
只用于限制性从句
代替人
代替物
代替人或物
主语
who
which
that
宾语
Who(m)
which
定语
whose(=ofwhom)
whose(=ofwhich)
表语
who(m),whose
which,whose
※由who,whom,whose引导的定语从句。
这类定语从句中who用作主语,whom作宾语,whose作定语。
e.g.Thisisthemanwhohelpedme.Thedoctor(whom)youarelookingforisintheroom.
DoyouknowthemanwhosenameisWangYu?
※在定语从句中,若先行词指人,其关系代词可用who,whom,也可用that。
e.g.Thegirlwho/thatisspeakingatthemeetingisourmonitor.
Theboy(who/whom/that)yousawjustnowismybrother.
3.关系代词的具体用法及作用
1).who指人,在从句中做主语。
如:
TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.
2).whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
如:
Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.
注意:
关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。
Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.
3).which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时可省略
Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.
4).that指人时,相当于who或whom;
指物时,相当于which。
在宾语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时可省。
Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.
Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?
5).whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语
Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.
Thegirlismydaughter./Herworkgotthefirstprize.→Thegirlwhoseworkgotthefirstprizeismydaughter.
Doyouknowanyone?
/HisfamilyisinXi’an.→Thebookisnotmine./Thecoverofitisred.
Iliveintheroom./Thewindowsofitfacesouth.→Thechairhasbeenrepaired./Thelegofitwasbroken.
Whose引导的定语从句应注意以下几点:
1whose引导定语从句,其后应紧跟名词,构成名词短语。
That’sthechildwhosefatherisanengineer.
②whose引导定语从句,其先行词不仅可以指人,还可以指物。
MrKing,whoselegswerebadlyhurt,wasquicklyhurt,wasquicklytakentohospital.
Isawatreewhoseleaveswereblackwithdisease.
③whose在定语从句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介词的宾语,可以与介词放在先行词与从句之间。
ThebossinwhosedepartmentMrKingworkedhadheardabouttheaccident.
Tom,onwhosebikeIwenttoschoolisafriendofmine.
④whose的先行词指物时,可用ofwhich代替,但词序不同,即whose+名词=the+名词+ofwhich
Helivesintheroomwhosewindow(thewindowofwhich)facessouth.
Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
thedoorofwhich
Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?
Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?
(三)在下列情况下只用that,不用which
①先行词是all,everything,nothing,anything,little,much,theone等不定代词时,something两者均可。
Thereisnothing(that)Icando.Imeantheonethatwasbroughtyesterday.
IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?
②先行词被all,any,every,no,some,little,much,few,oneof等词修饰时,
Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.Youmaytakehomeanyofthesebooksthatyoulike.
③先行词被序数词first,last,next等或形容词最高级修饰时,
Thefirstthingthatweshoulddoistohelphim.Thisisthebestnovel(that)Ihaveeverread.
SheisthemostcarefulgirlthatI’veeverknown.
④先行词被theonly,thevery(正是,恰是),thesame,thelast修饰时,
Thewhitefloweristheonlyone(that)Ireallylike.Thisistheverybook(that)Iwanttofind.
Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthehospital.ThisisthesamewatchthatIlostyesterday.
That’stheverytoolthatwearelookingfor.
⑤当先行词有两个或两个以上时,既有人又有物,定语从句用that引导(that既可指人也可指物)
Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.
Theytalkedaboutthethingsandfriendsthattheycouldremember.
⑥当主句是以who,which或what开头的特殊疑问句时。
Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?
Whichofusthatknowsanythingdoesnotknowthis?
Whoisthemanthatisstandingoverthere?
Whichisthetoolthatyouarelookingfor?
Whatdidyouhearthatmadeyousoangry?
⑦当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时
Chinaisn’tthecountrythatsheusedtobe50yearsago.Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.
It’sabookthatwillhelpyouagreatdeal.Thevillageisnolongertheonethatitusedtobe.
⑧当主句以Therebe…结构开头时,或关系代词在therebe…结构中作实际主语,且先行词为物
Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.Therearetwoticketsofthefilmthatareforyou.
⑨当先行词是基数词时
YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.
(四).在下列情况下只用who(m),而不用that:
①关系代词在从句中作主语时,多用who.
Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?
Thedoctorwhotreatedmewasveryexperienced.
②当先行词是one,ones,any,few,all,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,everybody等词时。
Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?
Allwhoheardthenewswereexcited.
Hewasamongthefewwhomanagedtolivethroughtheenemyprisoncamp.
Anyonewhobreakstherulewillbepunished.
注:
在非正式文体中可以说:
You’retheonethatknowswheretogo.
③先行词为those和people时多用who。
Thosewhowanttogopleasesigntheirnameshere.Peoplewhocanseesometimesactjustasfoolishly.
④在非限制性定语从句中作主语必须用who,作宾语须用whom。
Tom’sfather,whoisoversixty,stillworkshard.
MrGreen,whomyousawinthelibraryyesterday,willteachusphysicsnextterm.
⑤在分隔式定语从句中,若先行词指人,为了明确修饰关系,应当用who(m)。
AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.
There’sonlyonestudentintheschoolwho/whomIwantedtosee.
Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.
AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.
Imetafriendofmineinthestreet,whohadjustcomefromAmerica.
⑥在以therebe开头的句子中多用who.
Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeourheadmaster.
⑦一个句子中带有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词是that,另一个须用who。
SheistheonlygirlIknowwhocanplaytheguitar.
Thestudentwhowaspraisedatthemeetingisthemonitorthatisstudiesveryhard.
Thestudentthatwonthefirstprizeisthemonitorwhoworkshard.
⑧当先行词是he,they,those,people,person等词时。
Hewhowantstocatchfishjustnotmindgettingwet.
Thosewhoareagainsttheproposalputupyourhands.
在固定结构的谚语或习语中,可用hethat…。
Hethatpromisestoomuchmeansnothing.
⑨当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰,尤其是被一些指物的名词修饰时。
Doyouknowthewriterinbluewiththickglasseswhoisspeakingatthemeeting?
There‘sonlyonestudentintheschoolwhoIwanttosee.
Doyouknowthewomaninbluewithababyonherbackwhoisworkinginthefields?
⑩定语从句中有插入语时,并不影响关系代词和副词的选择。
JacksonisamanwhoIbelieveishonest.
Hewonanotheraward,whichIthinkistheresultofhishardwork.
(五)关系副词
关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中与相应的介词一起充当状语。
October1,1949wasthedaywhen(=ontheday)thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.
Wewillvisitthehousewhere(=inthehouse)LuXunwasborn.
Whocantellmethereasonwhy(=forthereason)Tomwasabsenttoday?
1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语
当先行词是表示时间的名词,用when,在定语从句中充当时间状语,这时一般可用介词+which来代替:
e.g.Iwillneverforgettheday./Iwenttouniversityonthatday.
→Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichIwenttouniversity.
Hestillremembersthemorning./Theearthquakehappenedonthatmorning.
→Hestillrememberthemorningwhen/onwhichtheearthquakehappened.
IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.
2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
当先行词是表示地点的名词,用where,在定语从句中充当地点状语,这时一般可用介词+which来代替:
e.g.Thisisthehouse./Heusedtoliveinthehouse.→Thisisthehousewhere/inwhichheusedtolive.
Iknowofaplace./Wecanswiminthatplace.→Iknowofaplacewhere/inwhichwecanswim.
Isthereanyshoparound?
/Icanbuyapenintheshop.
→Isthereanyshoparoundwhere/inwhichIcanbuyapen.
ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.
3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
先行词是表原因的名词,即reason,用why,在定语从句中充当原因状语,这时一般可用for+which来代替:
e.g.Idon’tknowthereason./Hediditforthisreason.→Idon’tknowthereasonwhy/forwhichhedidit.
Thereasonwasnotclear./Hewasfiredforit.→Thereasonwhy/forwhichhewasfiredwasnotclear.
Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.Idon'
tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.
关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,
Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.
Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn.
注意点:
当表示时间、地点和原因的名词在从句中不是作状语,而是在从句中作主语或宾语时,还是应用which/that
e.g.A.theoneB.whereC.whichD.that
Thisisthedate_______we’reproudof.Thisisthedate_______hewasborn.
Iwillneverforgetthetime______wespenttogether.
Iwillneverforgetthetime______welivedinthevillagetogether.
Thisisthefactory_______mymotherworks.Thisisthefactory_______wevisitedlastweek.
Isthisfactoryyouvisitlastweek?
Idon’tbelievethereason_____hegaveforhisdecision.
Anotherreason_______hemadethisdecisionisthathehadtoconsiderthefeelingsofothers.
(六)“介词+关系词”的用法
1、关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时,介词常可以提前,但介词提前时,关系代词只能用which或whom。
Theschool(that/which)heo
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