广外通选大众传媒与社会例题Word格式.docx
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广外通选大众传媒与社会例题Word格式.docx
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2.Akeyeconomicissuesofourtimesiswhetherthecostofgettingontheinformationhighwaywillundermineequalaccess.Mimickingtheeconomicdisparitybetweenrichandpoorthatgrewmorepronouncedduringthe1980sand1990s,theterm__digitaldivide__referstothegrowingcontrastbetween“informationhaves,”ordigitalhighwayuserswhocanaffordtoacquiremultiplemediaservices,and“informationhave-nots,”orpeoplewhomaynotbeabletoaffordacomputerorthemonthlybillsforInternetserviceconnections,muchlessthemanyoptionsnowavailableonthehighway.(p59TheEcomomicsofAccessandtheDigitalDivide)
3.Anewradioformat__cassettes__beginstogainpopularityoverAmericainthe1960s.P73
4.Bythelate1970scablecompaniesrushtowinlocalcable___monopolyrights_acrossU.S..Duringthisprocess,acity(orstate)wouldoutlineitscablesystemneedsandrequestbidsfromcablecompanies.Thenanumberofcompanies---noneofwhichcouldalsoownbroadcaststationsornewspapersinthecommunity---competedfortherighttoinstallandmanagethecablesystem.P201
5.Edisonpatentedseveralinventionsandmanufacturedanewlarge-screensystemcalled_vitascope___,whichenabledfilmstripsoflongerlengthstobeprojectedwithoutinterruption.Unlikethekinetoscope,thisprojectionimprovedviewingforlargeaudiences,hintingatthepotentialofmoviesasafuturemassmedium.(p232第二段)
6.Anothermajordevelopmentintheevolutionoffilmasamassmediumwasthearrivalofmovietheatres.Theywerecalled_nickelodeons_,atermthatcombinestheadmissionpricewiththeGreekwordfor“theatre”.Thesesmallanduncomfortablemakeshifttheatreswereoftenconvertedcigarstores,pawnshops,orrestaurantsredecoratedtomimicvaudevilletheatres.(p233倒数第二段)
7.Bythemid-1940s,theJusticeDepartmentdemandedthatthefivemajorfilmcompanies---Paramount,WarnerBrothers,TwentiethCenturyFox,MGM,andRKO---endverticalintegration.In1948,afteraseriesofcourtappeals,theSupremeCourtruledagainstthefilmindustryinwhatiscommonlyknownasthe__paramountdecision___,forcingthestudiostograduallydivestthemselvestotheirtheatres.P254
8.TheinfluenceofAmericanpopularculturehascreatedconsiderationdebateininternationalcircles.Americanmediaareshapingtheculturesandidentitiesofothernations.Americanstylesinfashionandfood,aswellasmediafare,dominatetheglobalmarket---whatmanycriticshaveidentifiedas___culturalimperialism__.
9.Inobjectivejournalism,whichdistinguishesfactualreportsfromopinioncolumns,modernreportersstrivetomaintainaneutralattitudetowardtheissueoreventtheycover;
theyalsosearchoutcompetingpointsofviewamongthesourcesforastory.Thewritingandrepresentationofthiskindofreportingisoftendesignatedas__inverted-pyramidstyle_.CivilWarcorrespondentsdevelopedthisstylebyimitatingtheterse,compactpressreleasesthatcamefromPresidentLincoln’ssecretaryofwar,EdwinM.Stanton.Oftenstrippedofadverbsandadjectives,reportsbegan---astheydotoday---withthemostdramaticornewsworthyinformation.Theyanswerwho,what,where,when(and,lessfrequently,whyorhow)questionsatthetopofthestoryandthennarrowdowntolesssignificantdetails.Ifwarsornaturaldisastersdisruptedthetelegraphtransmissionsofthesedispatches,theinformationthereporterchosetoleadwithinthestoryoftenhadthebestchanceofgettingthrough.(p279倒数第二段)
10.Aresponsetotheminimal-effectstheory,___theusesandgratificationsmodel__wasproposedinthe1940stocontestthenotionofaudiencepassivity.Underthismodel,researchersstudiedthewaysinwhichpeopleusedthemediatosatisfyvariousemotionalorintellectualneeds.Thismodelrepresentedamiddlepositionbetweenthehypodermic-needlemodelandtheminimal-effectsmodels.(p522倒数第二段)
11.Oneofthemostwell-knownstudiesthatsuggestsalinkbetweenthemassmediaandbehavioristhe_“Bobodoll”_experimentsconductedonchildrenbypsychologistAlbertBanduraandhiscolleaguesatStanfordUniversityinthe1960s.Banduraconcludedthattheexperimentsdemonstratealinkbetweenviolentmediaprograms,suchasthosethatmightbeontelevision,andaggressivebehavior.Andhetheorizedsociallearningasafour-stepprocess:
attention(thesubjectmustattendtothemediaandwitnessaggressivebehavior),retention(thesubjectmustretainthememoryforlaterretrieval),motorreproduction(thesubjectmustbeabletophysicallyimitatethebehavior),andmotivation(theremustbeasocialrewardorreinforcementtoencouragemodelingofthebehavior).(p527SocialLearningTheory第一段)
12.Sincethemid-1950s,fourmodelsforspeechandjournalismhavebeenusedtocategorizethewidelydifferingideasunderlyingfreeexpressions.Thesemodelsincludetheauthoritarian,communist,libertarian,and__socialresponsibilityconcepts__.Theyaredistinguishedbythelevelsoffreedomtheyallowandbytheattitudesoftherulingandpoliticalclassestowardthefreedomsgrantedtotheaveragecitizen.(p544倒数第二段)
Ⅱ.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions(2pointseach,30points):
1.Thehistoricaldevelopmentofmediaandcommunicationcanbetracedthroughseveraloverlappingerasinwhichnewerformsoftechnologyandknowledgedisruptedandmodifiedolderforms.Theseeras,whichallstilloperatestogreaterorlesserdegrees,areoral,print,electronicanddigital.Oralandwrittenformsbeginthedialogue,printedcommunicationspreadstheword,electronicanddigitalcommunicationbringimmediacytothemessage,andtheelectronicanddigitalearsfosteredtheageof_____?
____,whichreferstotheappearanceofoldermediaformsonthenewestmediachannels.
2.In1910,Congresspasses__A_______requiringthatallmajorshipsbeequippedwithwirelessradio.Congressbeginsissuingradiolicensesin1927.Afterintenselobbingbytheradioindustry,Congresspassesanactwhichallowscommercialintereststocontroltheairwaves.In1996,thenewbilleffectsarapid,unprecedentedconsiderationinradioownershipacrosstheUnitedStates.
A.WirelessShipActB.FederalCommunicationsActof1934
C.RadioActof1927D.TelecommunicationsActof1996
3.Forlocalaffiliatestations,syndicatedprogramsareoftenusedorslottedinwhatisknownasfringetime.Syndicationtofilltheseslotscomesintwoforms.First,thereisoff-networksyndication,inwhicholderprograms,nolongerrunningduringnetworkprimetime,aremadeavailableforrerunstolocalstations,cableoperators,onlineservices,andforeignmarkets.Asecondtypeofsyndicationusedtofillfringetimeis___B____,whichisanyprogramthatisspecificallyproducedforsaleintosyndicationmarkets.(p182最后一段)
A.fringesyndicationB.first-runsyndication
C.hybridsyndicationD.off-networksyndication
4.In1883,printerBenjaminDayfounded__B___.Aftercuttingthepricetoonepenny,healsoeliminatedsubscriptions.Thispaper(whosesloganwas“Itshinesforall”)highlightedlocalevents,scandals,andpolicereports.Itssuccessinitiatedawaveofpennypapersthatfavoredhuman-intereststories.B(P273最后一段)
A.NewYorkHeraldB.NewYorkSun
C.NewYorkTribuneD.NewYorkTimes
5.Alifetimechampionofwomenandthepoor,____D____pioneeredwhatwasthencalleddetectiveorstuntjournalism.Herworkinspiredthewholetwentieth-centurypracticeofinvestigativejournalism---fromexposesofoilcorporationsintheearly1900stotheaward-winningWallStreetJournalinvestigationsofbigtobaccocompaniesinthemid-1990s.Forboththepressandthepublic,thistraditionremainsoneofjournalism’smostreveredcontributionstodemocracy.
A.IdaM.TarbellB.LincolnSteffens
C.KarlBernsteinD.NellieBly
6.Theidealofanimpartial,orpurelyinformational,newsandmodelwasreinventedbyAdolphOchsandhisNewYorkTimesin1896.Earlyinthetwentiethcentury,withreportersadoptingamore“scientific”attitudetonews-andfact-gathering,theidealofobjectivitybegantoanchorjournalism.Inobjectivejournalism,whichdistinguishesfactualreportsfromopinioncolumns,modernreportersstrivetomaintainaneutralattitudetowardtheissueoreventtheycover;
theyalsosearchoutcompetingpointsofviewamongthesourcesforastory.Thewritingandrepresentationofthiskindofreportingisoftendesignatedasthe__A___.(p279)
A.theinverted-pyramidstyleB.objectivitymodel
C.literaryformsofjournalismD.precisionjournalism
7.In1848,sixNewYorknewspapersformedacooperativearrangementandfounded_C_,thefirstmajornewswireservice.Itbeganascommercialorganizationsthatrelayednewsstoriesandinformationaroundthecountryandtheworldusingtelegraphlinesand,later,radiowavesanddigitaltransmissions.(p275倒数第二段)
A.ReutersB.Havas
C.theAssociatedPressD.theUnitedPress
8.AmericanAntimonopolylawsconsistofShermanAntitrustActwhichCongresspassesin1890thatoutlawsmonopolypracticesandcorporatetruststhatfixprices,ClaytonAntitrustActwhichCongressstrengthensantitrustlawin1914byprohibitingcompaniesfromsell
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