完整word版英国文学复习 填空题 全Word文档格式.docx
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完整word版英国文学复习 填空题 全Word文档格式.docx
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5ThefirstRomangeneralwhocametoBritishwasthefamousJuliusCaesarwhocrossedtheDoverStraitin55B.C.
6Aboutthe450A.D.,waveoftheAnglos,SaxonsandJutesinvadedtheBritishIsles.TheysettledinEngland,anddrovetheCeltsintoWales,Scotland,andIreland.TheywereGermanictribes.
7TheAnglo-SaxonsdefeatedtheCelts,althoughthelatterresistedbravely.TheybecamethenewmastersoftheBritishIslesandweretheancestorsofthepresentEnglishpeople.
8Itwasaround500A.D.,inthestruggleagainstCerdic,thefounderofthekingdomofWessex,thattheCelticKingArthur,alegendaryfigure,issaidtohaveacquiredhisfame.
9Inthesecondhalfofthe9thcenturyKingAlfredtheGreatofWessexledtheAnglo-Saxonkingstodefeattheinvadersbyunitingtheirforces.
10Beginningfromlateofthe8thcentury,theDanes,ortheVikings,cametoinvadeEngland.
11Intheearly11thcentury,allEnglandwasconqueredbytheDanesfor23years.ThentheDaneswereexpelled,butin1066,theNormanscamefromNormandyinnorthernFrancetoattackEnglandundertheleadershipoftheDukeofNormandy,whoclaimedtheEnglishthrone.
12In597PopeGregorytheGreatsentSt.AugustinetoEnglandtoconverttheAnglo-Saxons.
13RelatedwiththeNorthumbrainSchoolwasCaedmonwholivedinthe7thcenturyandwhoturnedthestoriesintheBibleintoverseform.
14ThenallatonceCaedmonwouldsingandbecamethefirstAnglo-Saxonpoet.
15AnotherwellknownfigureoftheNorthumbrainschoolwastheVenerableBede,amonkwhowroteinLatinandwhoseworktheEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeopleearnedforhimthetitleof“fatherofEnglishhistory”.
16ItwasBedewhotoldaboutthestoryofCaedmon.
17ThesecondhighlightoftheAnglo-SaxonliteraturehappenedduringthereignoftheKingAlfred.
18In871AlfredbecamekingofWessex.Hegatheredaroundhimagroupofscholars,foundedapalaceschoolanddemandedthathisofficialsshouldtrytoeducatethemselves.
19AlfredwasresponsibleforthelaunchingofTheAnglo-SaxonChronicle.
20Alfred’sthirdcontributionisthathecreatedastyleofAnglo-Saxonprosewhichwasnotobscure.
21Oftheearliestepicpoetry,themostimportantpoemnowpreservedisBeowulf.Itisprobablyexistedintheoralform.
22Beowulfcontainsaltogether3,183linesandthestoryinitisbasedonpartlyhistoricalandpartlylegendarymaterials,broughtovertheAnglo-Saxonsfromtheiroriginalhomes.
23LikeHomer’spoetry,Beowulfsingstheexcitingadventureofagreatlegendaryherowhosephysicalstrengthdemonstrateshishighspiritualqualities,i.e.,hisresolutiontoservehiscountryandkinsfolk,histruecourage,courteousconduct,andhisloveofhonor.
24InreadingBeowulfwemustnoticethatthepoemisamixtureofthepaganismandChristianelements.
25Inadditiontoalliteration,the“scop”usedakindoffigurativelanguagecalled“kenning”inordertoordinaryobjects.
Chapter2TheNormanPeriod
1AtthebattleofHastings,thelastSaxonkingHaroldwasdefeatedbyDukeWilliamofNormandy.
2TheNormanConquestin1066acceleratedthedevelopmentoffeudalisminEngland.WilliamclaimedhimselfWilliamI,KingofEnglandandregardedhimselfasthesoleownerofthelandofallEngland.
3Besidestheking,thechurchpossessedonethirdofthelandinthecountryandhadpoliticalpoweraswellasreligiousauthority.
4ThechiefclassconflictofthetimeofNormanConquestwasthatbetweentheserfsandthepeasantsontheonehand,andtheirfeudallords,includingtheking,thebaronsandthechurchontheotherhand.
5Alargescalepeasantuprisingbrokein1381.
6ForthreecenturiesoftheNormanConquest,twolanguageswereusedsidebysideinEnglish.LatinandFrenchwerethelanguagesoftheupperclasses.However,thecommonpeopleclungtotheAnglo-Saxonwhichhadundergoneremarkablechanges.
8ItistruethatbyfarthelargestproportionofsurvivingMiddleEnglishliteratureisreligious.ThechurchhadavirtualmonopolyofliteratureduringmuchoftheMiddleAges.
9Untiltheendofthe14thcenturyChristianteachingwasprimarilyconcernedwiththeissueofpersonalsalvation,puttingtheemphasisonthemoralandspiritualresponsibilitiesoftheindividualratheronhisethnicalandsocialresponsibilities.Lookingtotheworldtocomewasregardedastheonlyanswertomen’strouble.
10ThethreecenturiesaftertheNormanConquestsawthelargescaleintroductionofFrenchcultureandliterature.
11RomancewasatypeofliteraturethatwaspopularintheMiddleAges.
12Thegreatageofmedievalromancewasthe12thandearly13thcenturiesanditschiefbreedinggroundwasthearistocraticsocietyinFrance.
Chapter3TheAgeofChaucer
1TwoimportanthistoricaleventshappenedduringthecenturyinwhichChaucerlivedandtheirinfluencecanbedetectedinthewritingsofChaucerandlanguage.ThefirstwastheHundredYears’WarbetweenEnglandandFrance.Thesecondhistoricaleventswerethepeasantuprisingof1381.
2DuringthereignofKingRichardIII,thefirstsevenEnglishkingswereinfactlivinginFrance.Theywereabsenteerulers.
3Theresultofthehundredyears’warwasanawakeningofnationalconsciousnessinEngland.
4InthetimeofChaucer,theFrenchlanguagewasgraduallyreplacedbythenativetongue.
5ThePeasantUprisingof1381wasthedirectresultofexploitationandoppressionofthepeasantbythefeudallords.AclergymanbythenameJohnBallbecametheirspiritualleader,andtheirmilitaryleaderwasanoldsoldiernamedWatTyler.
6JohnWycliffwasimportantbecausehewasoneofthefirstfigureswhodemandedtoreformthechurchinordertodoawaywiththecorruptionandrottenness.HewasalsoimportantbecausehewasthemanwhotranslatedtheBibleintoStandardEnglish.
7WyclifffixedanationalstandardforEnglishprosetoreplacevarieddialects.Hisworkearnedhimthetitleof“fatherofEnglishprose.”
GeoffreyChaucer(ca.1340-1400)
TheworksofChaucerareroughlydividedintothreeperiods,correspondingtothethreeperiodsofhislife.
1Thefirstperiodextendsfrom1360to1372,whenChaucerwroteundertheinfluenceofFrenchliterature.InthisperiodheimitatedFrenchpoetryandeventranslatedFrenchpoemshimself.
2Thesecondperiodisfrom1372to1386whenhewroteundertheinfluenceoftheItalianliterature.
3Thethirdperiodcoversthelastfifteenyearsofhislife.TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenintheyearsbetween1387and1400.
Chapter4TheFifteenthCentury
1TheHundredYears’Warcontinuedandin1415attheBattleofAgincourt,KingHenryVdefeatedtheFrencharmyandclaimedhimselftheheirtotheFrenchthrone.
2TheWarofRoses,ortheThirtyYears’War,wasaseriousofcivilwarsfoughtbetweentwogreatfamilies,bothofwhichclaimedtherighttotheEnglishthrone.TheHouseofLancasterusedaredroseasitsemblemandtheHouseofYorkidentifieditselfwithawhiterose.
3HenryTudororHenryVIImarriedElizabethoftheHouseofYork,broughtcompromisebetweenthetwofamilies,andestablishedahighlyconsolidatedrule.
4In1492,aGenoesemariner,ChristopherColumbuswhobelievedthathecouldreachIndiabysailingwest,landedinAmerica.
5In1497,VascodaGama,aPortuguesemariner,sailedroundthetipofAfricaandreachedIndiainthefollowingyear.
6Duringhisreign,HenryVIIItookdecisivemeasurestobreakawayfromtheChurchofRome.In1534hepassedthroughParliamenttheActofSupremacywhichregardedhimasthesupremeheadonearth.ThechurchHenryVIIIfoundedistheAnglicanChurch.
7Inaballad,theballadmeterisused.Itisthecommonformfortheballads.Itcontainsfour-linestanzas.Theoddnumberedlineshavefourfeeteachandtheevennumberedlineshavethreefeeteach.
8SirThomasMalory,theauthorofTheDeathofArthurmadegreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofEnglishprose.LittleknownisaboutthelifeofMalory,exceptthefactthathewasaknight.
9Bythe14thcenturytheliturgyhaddevelopedintomysteryplaysandmiracleplays.Therearenosharpdistinctionsbetweenthesetwokindsofplays,thoughtheformerarechieflybasedonstoriesfromtheBible,andthelatteronthelivesofChristiansaints.
10Inthe14thcenturyliturgythevernacularhadtakentheplaceofLatinandlaymentheplaceofclergymen.Theguildsactivelytookpartintheperformancesandeachofthemplayedtherolethatwasrelatedwithitsprofession.Forexample,thepartofNoahbuildingthearkwasplayedbytheguildofshipbuildersorcarpenters.
Chapter5TheEnglishRenaissance(1550-1642)
1Afterlongyearsofforeignanddomesticwars,EnglandenjoyedaperiodofpeaceandprosperityduringthereignofQueenElizabeth.
2ByadoptingapolicyoftolerancetheQueenElizabethsuccessfullymaintainedabalanceofpowerbetweenthefeudallordsandtherisingburghersandwellasbetweentheProtestantsandtheCat
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