营销策略和营销沟通渠道间的相互关系外文文献翻译最新译文Word文档格式.docx
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营销策略和营销沟通渠道间的相互关系外文文献翻译最新译文Word文档格式.docx
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原文
TheRelationshipbetweenMarketingStrategyandMarketingChannelsofCommunication
SayedMasudSayedi,Ph.D
AssistantProfessor,ManagementDepartment,IslamicAzadUniversity,BranchofShiraz,Iran
HassanSoltani,Ph.D
AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofManagement,ShirazBranch,ShirazScienceandResearchBranch,Iran
MajidKeshavarz
M.S.C.,BusinessManagement,IslamicAzadUniversity,BranchofMobarake,Iran
DOI:
10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i3/714URL:
http:
//dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i3/714
Introduction
Nowadays,servicesdynamicworldmakesmarketingpromotionsimportantmorethanlasttimes.Aserviceshouldbedesignedbasedonthecustomerneedsanditspriceisrealistic.Italsoisnecessarythattheservicesbedistributedthroughconveniencedistributionchannelsandbeadvertisedamongcustomersactively.Newcompaniesshouldattempttoregulatetheirproductspriceappropriatelyandalsomakecommunicationaleffortssoexactlythatbeabletomakepositionforthemwhichisattractivefortargetmarketcustomers.Generally,thestrategiescanbedividedintothreegroupsincludingtotal,business,andfunctionalstrategies.Thefunctionalstrategiesrefertotheappliedattitudeinabusinessunitforachievingcompaniesandbusinessesmaingoalsthroughmaximizingresourcesproductivity.Functionalstrategiesincludemarketing,financial,researchanddevelopment,productionandoperations,humanresourcesmanagement,andinformationsystems.So,marketingstrategyisconsideredasafunctionalstrategy.
Marketingstrategiesrefertotoolswhichcanbeusedforachievinggoals.Thesestrategiesrefertothisquestion“howgoalscanbeachieved?
”Marketingdesignsuccessdependsontheefficiencyofmarketingstrategies.Itispossibletodetermineastrategyforeverymarketingmixelements(Hart,2003).Indeed,marketingstrategyincludesdifferentvariablesthatthecompanycancontrolthemorwhichthecompanycanadaptitselfwiththemsoexactlythathelpstheorganizationtoachieveitsgoals.Indeed,itistheinternalfacilitiesandauthoritiesthatcanbecontrolled.Ontheotherhand,demand,competitionforces,distributionstructure,marketingrules,andnon-marketingcostsarethemainuncontrollable(environmental)variables.Themarketingstrategycontrollablevariablesincludeproduct,price,place,distribution,people(employees),assets,process,andphysicalequipment.
Reviewofliterature
Generally,marketingmixreferstothemarketingmanagements’mainefforts.Afterselectingatargetmarket,marketingmanagershavetodevelopasystematicsalesplanforattractingcustomersandcreatinglong-termrelationswiththem.Marketingplanisresultedfrommanagerialdecisionsintermsofmarketingmix(product,price,place,andpromotion).Indeed,thesearethemostimportantparameterswhichmarketingmanagersallocatecompany’sresourcesfortheminordertoachievesalesandprofitgoals(Goi,2009).Reviewofmarketingliteraturerevealsthat4Psisthemostacceptablemarketingmixwhichincludesproduct,price,place(distribution),andpromotion.TheconceptofmarketingmixhasbeenintroducedbyBourden(1950)forthemfirsttimeintheframeof4Ps(Nakhchian,2009).
Theservicesmarketingtheoristsstudythedifferencesbetweenservicesandgoodsmarketing.Smithpointedoutthatalargepartoftheseeffortsarefocusedonthemarketingmixconcept.Hebelievesthattheservicesmarketingmixisdifferentfromgoodmarketingmix.Indeed,hestressesthatservicesmarketingrequiresdifferentdecisionsthangoodsmarketing.Hedifferentiatesservicesmarketingfromgoodsmarketing.Hesuggeststhatpeople(employees),physicalassets,andprocessesareotherelementsofservicesmarketingmixthangoodsmarketingmix.Inotherwords,Smithbelievesthatservicesmarketingmixconsistsof7elementsincludingproduct,price,place(distribution),promotion,people(employees),physicalassets,andprocesses(Kotler,2004).
Product
Productreferstoamarketingmixelementthatisrelatedtocreativityanddevelopmentintheproductmanagement.Productdecisionsareveryimportant,asthesedecisionsarerelatedtotheproductionsothatsatisfycustomers’needsandwants.
Pricing
Priceisoneofthefundamentalmarketingmixelements.Indeed,priceshouldisacceptableforfinalconsumersanddeterminesothermarketingmixelements.Servicespriceisavaluethatservicesprovidermake.Itshouldhaveadaptabilitywithcustomerperception.Ifaservicepriceisveryhigh,thecustomersdonotuseitandviceversa.Inotherwords,iftheservicepriceislow,thecustomersperceiveitasalow-qualityandundesirableservices.Manyservicesprovidersofferdifferenttypesofservicesformarketsegments(Kotler,2004).
Promotion
Promotionalplansaredevelopedforinformingtargetcustomersfromcompany’sproducts.Unfortunately,somepeoplethinkthattheeffectivemarketingefforts(providingappropriateserviceswithappropriatepricelevelsinafavorableplaceforsatisfyingcustomers’needsandwants)donotneedcomprehensiveadvertisements.Generally,promotionaleffortsincludedirectmarketing,publicrelations,advertisements,salespromotions(Roostaetal.,2001).
Marketingandadvertisementprofessionalsliketalkingaboutconsumptionmarkets,consumers,andcustomers.Ontheotherhand,publicrelationsspecialistsinterestinpublicity,audience,andstakeholders.Thesegroupsarethepeoplewhoareinfluencedbycompanyandalsoinfluenceit.Fromtheirperspective,publicrelationsarefreefromanyencouragementandpersuasion.Indeed,theidealpurposeofpublicrelationsistocreateperceptionandcooperationbywhichtwo-waydialoguewillbepossible.Basedonthedefinition,marketingeffortsaredevelopedinordertoencouragecustomersandconsumersforpurchasingandconsuminggoodsandservices(Willcocks,2007).
Place
Place(distribution)referstotheprocessofdeliveringproductstothecustomerssufficientlyandminimizingtransportationandsavingcosts.Inotherwords,placeordistributionistheprocessofprovidingservicesinthebestplaceandtimeandinabestmanner.
Functionsofdistributionchannel
Asindicatedintheprevioussections,distributionchannelisasystembywhichproductsaretransmittedfromproducerstothecustomers.Themembersofdistributionchannelareobligatedtodothefollowingfunctions:
1.Information:
collectingnecessaryinformationforplanning
2.Advertisement:
preparingandbroadcastingpersuasiveinformationaboutproducts
3.Contact:
findingandcontactingpotentialbuyers.
4.Adaption:
formingandpreparingproductswhichareadaptablewithbuyers’tasteanddesires.
5.Negotiation:
negotiatingaboutpriceandothertransactionconditions.
Offensivemarketing
Inintheendof20thcentury,marketingprofessionalsfoundthatthesuccessfulmarketingisnotthesumofmarketingemployees’commonandday-to-daymarketingefforts.Theypointoutthatmarketingisaphenomenonwhichconsistsofthoughts,actions,competition,andprocessofmarketingdesign.Davishen(2000)suggestsamodernmarketingtheorywhichisknownasoffensivemarketing.Thereasonisthatthecommonapproachtomarketingisautilityapproach.Theprofitsecuresbusiness’survive.Thisisthemainfactorwhichmakesmarketingeffortsastheleaderineverycompany.Inordertouseoffensivemarketingapproach,itisnecessarythatnotonlythecompanyisfreefrombureaucraticprocessandprocedures,butalsoitisfollowedthatagoodmarketingeffortispossiblethroughagilityandeconomiccapability.
Nowadays,ithasbeenforgotten,assuccessfulmarketingiscreationofopportunitywhichderivesfromappropriateattitudes,organizing,andmarketingtechniques.Thisiswhythatoffensivemarketingapproachoffersasimpleformulawhichreferstotheimplementationoffundamentalmarketingplansthroughhardworkingandhappyemployees.Thepresentstudyhasbeenaimedtointroduceaggressive,marketingapproachasaneffectiveapproachisdevelopmentofinternalandinternationalmarketingamongbusinesses.
Itisverydifficulttofindasoundandagreeddefinitionofmarketing.Someauthorsconsidermarketingasapricemanagementtechniqueandsomeothersrefertomarketingfromfinancialperspective.Thereareathirdgroupofauthorswhoconsidermarketingasacombinationofbothprevioustechniques.Ontheotherhand,someauthorsconsidermarketingasanorganizationaldepartmentandsomeothersbelievethatmarketingisthefactorofsales.TheconsultersofOxfordCompanypointoutthateffectivemanagementofcustomerbenefitsisthebestdefinitionformarketing.Itisshouldberememberedtheconstructof“customers”referstobothinternalandexternalcustomersinwhichexternalcustomersareproductsbuyersandinternalonesareorganizationalmembers(employees).Theconceptof“customerbenefits”referstotheappropriatecombinationofpriceandquality.Inthisregard,managementistheprocessofacquiringorproducingcustomerbenefitsinthegoodsandservices.Althoughthisdefinitionofmarketing,profitabilityofthemarketingprocessisnotreferred,buttheconceptofeffectivemanagementshowstheimportanceofproducingcustomerbenefits.
Itisshouldberememberedthatmarketingisconsideredasanadministrativefunctioninmanycompaniesandemployeesofotherdepartmentsdonotplayanyroleinthemarketingprocess,astheyhavenotanycontact
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