summary例子和答案Word文档格式.docx
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summary例子和答案Word文档格式.docx
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16PMET
byMaggieFox,HealthandSciencesCorrespondent
WASHINGTON(Reuters)Wanttolivetobe100Pickoldgrandparents.It’sanoldirony,butresearcherssaidonTuesdaytheyhadshownthisisremarkablytruewhenitcomestosurvivingintooldage,andtheybelieveaclusterofjustafewgenesmayberesponsible.Theyhavesetupacompanythatstudiescentenarianstoseeifthegenericsecrettolivingalongandhealthylifemayresultindrugsthatcanpreventthediseasesofaging,suchasAlzheimer’sandheartdisease."
Itisn’treallythatobvious,"
Dr.ThomasPerls,wholedthestudy,saidinatelephoneinterview."
Itisn’toldagethatrunsinfamilies.It’sexceptionaloldagethatrunsinfamilies.Wethinkthismaybeahandfulofgenesthatcouldbeplayingreallysubstantialrolesintheabilitytogettoveryoldage,muchofitingoodhealth."
Perl’steamatHarvardUniversityandBethIsraelDeaconessMedicalSchoolstudied444families,includingmorethan2,000relativesofpeoplewholiveto100.DemographerJohnWilmothoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleycomparedthisdatatothe1900censusandtheSocialSecurityAdministrationdatabase."
Femalesiblingshaddeathratesatallagesataboutone-halfthenationallevel,"
theywroteintheirreport,publishedinthisweekissueoftheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences."
Malesiblingsofcentenarianswereatleast17timesaslikelytoattainage100themselves,whilefemalesiblingswereatleasteighttimesaslikely."
Perlsisnotinterestedinextendinglifeatanycost.
WHOWANTSTOGETTHATOLD,ANYWAY?
"
Peoplemightthink,whowantstoliveto100anywaybecausepeoplegettheideathattheolderyouget,thesickeryouget."
Buthisstudyfoundjusttheopposite."
YoucangetAlzheimer,stroke,cancerinyour60sand70sandexpecttoliveanother30,40years."
EarlierworkhasshownmanyofthesepeoplesharesimilaritiesintheirDNA,especiallyonchromosome4.Perlshopeshiscompany,Centagenetixcanhomeinontheimportantgenesandperhapsmakediscoveriesthatwillleadtodrugsthatcanstaveoffdisease.
Discoveringthesegeneswillleadtounderstandingthebiochemicalpathwaysthatthosegenesaffect,"
hesaid."
Myhopeisthatthatwouldhelpalotofotherpeopleagemoreslowlyanddelayand,mygoodnessevenescape,somethinglikeAlzheimer."
Whichgenesyoudonothavemaybeasimportantasthoseyoudo,Perlssaid.Forinstance,hefoundthe100-year-oldswereveryunlikelytohaveaversionofagenecalledAPOE-4,whichisassociatedwithhighcholesterolandAlzheimer.Environmentdidnotseemtobetooimportanttothosewholivedtobe100.CensusBureaudatashowedtheyweremorelikelytobepoorandpoorlyeducatedsomethingnotusuallyassociatedwitholdage.
Butformostofus,environmentandbehavioriskey."
Ithinktheaveragesetofgenesgetsustoourmid-tolate-80s,"
saidPerls,ageriatricianwhonowworksatBostonMedicalCenter."
IbasethisontwinstudiesandonSeventhDayAdventists,whohavealifeexpectancyof87years,whodoeverythingright。
Theysmoke,theyarelean,theyarevegetarian,theyexerciseandasaresulttheylive10yearslongerthantherestofus.Thatbasicallytellsuswhatourgenesarecapableof.Buttolivetheextra15,20yearsbeyondthat,Isuspectgenesareplayingagreaterrole."
SoThatNobodyHasToGoToSchoolIfTheyDon'
tWant
byTobyRogerSipher
AdeclineinstandardizedtestscoresisbutthemostrecentindicatorthatAmericaneducationisintrouble.
Onereasonforthecrisisisthatpresentmandatory-attendancelawsforcemanytoattendschoolwhohavenowishtobethere.SuchchildrenhavelittledesiretolearnandaresoantagonistictoschoolthatneithertheynormorehighlymotivatedstudentsreceivethequalityeducationthatisthebirthrightofeveryAmerican.
Thesolutiontothisproblemissimple:
Abolishcompulsory-attendancelawsandallowonlythosewhoarecommittedtogettinganeducationtoattend.
Thiswillnotendpubliceducation.Contrarytoconventionalbelief,legislatorsenactedcompulsory-attendancelawstolegalizewhatalreadyexisted.WilliamLandesandLewisSolomon,economists,foundlittleevidencethatmandatory-attendancelawsincreasedthenumberofchildreninschool.Theyfound,too,thatschoolsystemshavenevereffectivelyenforcedsuchlaws,usuallybecauseoftheexpenseinvolved.
Thereisnocontradictionbetweentheassertionthatcompulsoryattendancehashadlittleeffectonthenumberofchildrenattendingschoolandtheargumentthatrepealwouldbeapositivesteptowardimprovingeducation.Mostparentswantahighschooleducationfortheirchildren.Unfortunately,compulsoryattendancehamperstheabilityofpublicschoolofficialstoenforcelegitimateeducationalanddisciplinarypoliciesandtherebymaketheeducationagoodone.
Privateschoolshavenosuchproblem.Theycanfailordismissstudents,knowingsuchstudentscanattendpublicschool.Withoutcompulsoryattendance,publicschoolswouldbefreertoouststudentswhoseacademicorpersonalbehaviorunderminestheeducationalmissionoftheinstitution.
HasnotthenobleexperimentofaformaleducationforeveryonefailedWhilewepayhomagetothehomily,"
Youcanleadahorsetowaterbutyoucan'
tmakehimdrink,"
wehavepretendeditisnottrueineducation.
Askhighschoolteachersifrecalcitrantstudentslearnanythingofvalue.Askteachersifthesestudentsdoanyhomework.Quitethecontrary,thesestudentsknowtheywillbepassedfromgradetogradeuntiltheyareoldenoughtoquitoruntil,asismorelikely,theyreceiveahighschooldiploma.Atthepointwhenstudentscouldlegallyquit,mostchoosetoremainsincetheyknowtheyarelikelytobeallowedtograduatewhethertheydoacceptableworkornot.
Abolitionofarchaicattendancelawswouldproduceenormousdividends.
First,itwouldalerteveryonethatschoolisaseriousplacewhereonegoestolearn.Schoolsareneitherday-carecentersnorindoorstreetcorners.Youngpeoplewhoresistlearningshouldstayaway;
indeed,anendtocompulsoryschoolingwouldrequirethemtostayaway.
Second,studentsopposedtolearningwouldnotbeabletopollutetheeducationalatmosphereforthosewhowanttolearn.Teacherscouldstoppolicingrecalcitrantstudentsandstarteducating.
Third,gradeswouldshowwhattheyaresupposedto:
howwellastudentislearning.Parentscouldagainreadreportcardsandknowiftheirchildrenweremakingprogress.
Fourth,publicesteemforschoolswouldincrease.PeoplewouldstopregardingthemaswaystationsforadolescentsandstartthinkingofthemasinstitutionsforeducatingAmerica'
syouth.
Fifth,elementaryschoolswouldchangebecausestudentswouldfindoutearlytheyhadbetterlearnsomethingorriskflunkingoutlater.Elementaryteacherswouldnolongerhavetopasstheirfailuresontojuniorhighandhighschool.
Sixth,thecostofenforcingcompulsoryeducationwouldbeeliminated.Despiteenforcementefforts,nearly15percentoftheschool-agechildreninourlargestcitiesarealmostpermanentlyabsentfromschool.
Communitiescouldusethesesavingstosupportinstitutionstodealwithyoungpeoplenotinschool.If,inthelongrun,theseinstitutionsprovemorecostly,atleastwewouldnotconfusetheirmissionwiththatofschools.
Schoolsshouldbeforeducation.Atpresent,theyareonlytangentiallyso.Theyhaveattemptedtoserveanall-encompassingsocialfunction,tryingtobeallthingstoallpeople.Intheprocesstheyhavefailedm
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