How to Survive an EarthquakeWord文件下载.docx
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How to Survive an EarthquakeWord文件下载.docx
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batteryoperatedradio(andextrabatteries),flashlights(andextrabatteries),firstaidkit,bottledwater,twoweeksfoodandmedicalsupplies,blankets,cookingfuel,toolsneededtoturnoffyourgas,waterandelectricutilities.
∙Arrangeyourhomeforsafety:
Storeheavyobjectsonlowershelvesandstorebreakableobjectsincabnentswithlatcheddoors.Don'
thangheavymirrorsorpicturesabovewherepeoplefrequentlysitorsleep.
∙Anchorheavyappliancesandfurnituresuchaswaterheaters,refrigeratorsandbookcases.
∙Storeflamableliquidsawayfrompotentialignitionsourcessuchaswaterheaters,stovesandfurnaces.
∙GetEducated.Learnwhattododuringanearthquake(seebelow).Thenyouwillbereadyforthefastactionneeded.Makesurethatallmembersofyourfamilyhavethisimportanteducation.
∙Learnwherethemainturn-offsareforyourwater,gasandelectricity.Knowhowtoturnthemoffandthelocationofanyneededtools.
DuringtheEarthquake:
∙Ifyouareindoors,staythere.Quicklymovetoasafelocationintheroomsuchasunderastrongdesk,astrongtable,oralonganinteriorwall.Thegoalistoprotectyourselffromfallingobjectsandbelocatednearthestructuralstrongpointsoftheroom.Avoidtakingcovernearwindows,largemirrors,hangingobjects,heavyfurniture,heavyappliancesorfireplaces.
∙Ifyouarecooking,turnoffthestoveandtakecover.
∙Ifyouareoutdoors,movetoanopenareawherefallingobjectsareunlikelytostrikeyou.Moveawayfrombuildings,powerlinesandtrees.
∙Ifyouaredriving,slowdownsmoothlyandstoponthesideoftheroad.Avoidstoppingonorunderbridgesandoverpasses,orunderpowerlines,treesandlargesigns.Stayinyourcar.
AftertheEarthquake:
∙Checkforinjuries,attendtoinjuriesifneeded,helpensurethesafetyofpeoplearoundyou.
∙Checkfordamage.Ifyourbuildingisbadlydamagedyoushouldleaveituntilithasbeeninspectedbyasafetyprofessional.
∙Ifyousmellorhearagasleak,geteveryoneoutsideandopenwindowsanddoors.Ifyoucandoitsafely,turnoffthegasatthemeter.Reporttheleaktothegascompanyandfiredepartment.Donotuseanyelectricalappliancesbecauseatinysparkcouldignitethegas.
∙Ifthepowerisout,unplugmajorappliancestopreventpossibledamagewhenthepoweristurnedbackon.Ifyouseesparks,frayedwires,orsmellhotinsulationturnoffelectricityatthemainfuseboxorbreaker.Ifyouwillhavetostepinwatertoturnofftheelectricityyoushouldcallaprofessionaltoturnitoffforyou.
Whetheryouliveinanearthquake-proneregionlike
California
orJapan
orincalmerlands,theideaofeverythingaroundyoushakinguncontrollably--andpotentiallycatastrophically--canbeterrifying.
There'
saparticularsenseofhelplessnessthatcanaccompanyearthquakes,especiallybecausethereisnoestablishedscientificmethodofpredictingthem.Withthatinmind,preparationisthebestdefense.
IfyouresideinaplacelikeCalifornia'
sBayArea,wherethereareeightormorefaultsthatcouldproduceaseriousearthquakewithamagnitudeof6.7orworse,knowinghowbesttoweatheranearthquakeisasessentialasaFloridian'
sknowingwhattodowhena
hurricane
approaches[source:
USGS].
Withthatinmind,we'
lltakealookatwhattodobefore,duringandafteranearthquakeinthisarticle.Fromsuppliestoretrofittingtoemergencycommunication,we'
llcoveritall.We'
llalsoseewhetherduckandcoverisindeedthebestmethodandwhyDougCopp'
s"
TriangleofLife"
techniquehasattractedsomuchcontroversy.
First,let'
sseehowtosecureyourhome.
EarthquakeSurvival:
SecuringtheHome
It'
simpossibleforabuildingtobeconsidered"
earthquake
proof."
Earthquakesvaryintype,locationandmagnitude,andevensomeofthebestretrofittingmaynotstanduptoanoverwhelminglypowerfulearthquake(say,an8.5).Evenso,youcantakemeasurestosecureabuildingbeforeanearthquakeandtopreventpotentiallydangerouscomplicationsafterward.Itstartswithmakingsureyourhousedoesn'
tmovefromitsfoundationduringtheearthquake'
sresultinggroundmotion.
A
seismicretrofit
generallyinvolvesboltingthehousetothefoundation--ifit'
snotalready.
Plywood
isusedtobracethewalls,whichinturnareattachedtostructuralsupportsknownas
floorframing.Thefoundationitselfmightneedsomework.Forexample,anexpertmightrecommendthatanoldbrickfoundationbereplacedor"
capped"
withconcrete
[source:
Burnett].Theseefforts,whendoneproperly,canhelptoshifttheearthquake'
sforce.Insteadofdamagingthestructureofthehouseorknockingitoffitsfoundation,thefoundationitselfabsorbsthebruntoftheshaking.
Usuallytheactualshakingofthequaketendstodothemostdamagetobuildings.Thedistancefromtheepicenterandthemagnitudedeterminehowmuchdamagemightbecaused,butthetypeofsoilandconstructionofthehouseareimportantaswell.Aweakfoundationontopofsoft,sandysoilposesmorehazardsthanafirmfoundationonsolidbedrock.Inadditiontoshaking,earthquakesmayalsobringwiththem
fire,
water
leaksandotheraftereffects.
Retrofittingcancoststensofthousandsof
dollars,thoughitmaybemuchless.Somecontractorsspecializeinretrofitting,butastructuralengineermaybeneeded.
Besidessecuringthefoundationandstructure,individualitemsshouldalsobeconsidered.Largepiecesoffurniture,particularlythosethataretallerthantheyarewide,shouldbeboltedtothewall.Storebreakableitemsonlowshelvesorincabinetsthancanbesecuredshut.Becarefulofplacingpicturesorotheritemsthatcouldfalloverbeds.Finally,makesureyouhaveaworking
fireextinguisher.
Duringtheretrofittingprocess,it'
sagoodtimetoidentifyplacesthatwillbesafeduringaquake,thoughwe'
lldiscussthistopicmorelater.Alsokeepinmindthatemergencyinstructions(suchasforshuttingoffgas)shouldbehandy,andmakesureyouhaveapairofgoodshoes,aflashlightandwarmclothingreadilyaccessible.
KEEPINTOUCH
Makeaplantocommunicateorrendezvouswithfamilymembersincaseyouaren'
ttogetherwhenanearthquakeoccurs.Keepinmindthatcellphoneservicemaybeinterrupted.
EarthquakeSupplies
Asupplyof
food
and
isessentialforanyonein
earthquakecountry.Keepwaterstoredinplasticbottles.Athree-daysupply,madeupofadailyrationoftwoquarts(1.9liters)ofdrinkingandtwoquartsforfoodandsanitation,shouldbeconsideredaminimumguideline.Expertsrecommendchangingthiswatersupplyeverysixmonths[source:
SanFranciscoChronicle].
Asforfood,keeponhandcannedgoodsfromvariousfoodgroups(andacanopener).Theseprovisionsshouldbereadytoeatorrequireminimalornopreparation.Makesureyouhaveastashofanyrequiredspecialfoods,especiallyforfamilymemberswhoaresickorhaveparticulardietaryneeds.Focusonnutritiousitemsloadedwithgood
calories,likenuts,peanutbutter,crackersandgranola.Avoidprovisionsthatrequireanythingmorethanaminimumamountofhotwater,suchasriceorpasta.Bettertostickwithinstant
coffee,
tea
oroatmeal.Yourfoodsupplyshouldbereplacedorrestockedonceayear.Itcanalsobehelpfultokeepastockofvitaminsonhand.
Afirst-aidkitisveryimportanttohaveincaseanyonesuffersaninjury.Manyearthquake-relatedinjuriesareminorones,suchassteppingonbrokenglassortwistinganankle.Youcanbuyagoodpremadefirst-aidkitormakeyourown;
itshouldbefilledwithdisinfectants,gauze,gloves,bandages,athermometerandothersuchitems.
Youshouldalsohaveabackupsupplyofanyprescriptions,aswellasavarietyofnonprescriptiondrugs,suchaspainrelievers,antacidsandmedicationsforabdominal/intestinalproblems.Similarly,goodsanitationiskey,bothforpersonalcomfortandpreventingdisease.Makesureyouhaveacacheoftoiletpaper,soaps,handsanitizers,garbagebags,bleachanddisinfectants.
We'
vetakencareofnutrition,hydrationandhealth,butclothes,toolsandpersonaldocumentsarealsoessential.Agoodsweatshirtandsturdyshoeswillnotonlykeepyouwarmiftheheatdoesn'
twork;
theywillalsoprotectyoufromexposednails,shardsofglassorotherhazards.Ifyourequireglasses,makesurethey'
renearyourbedincaseyou'
retherewhenaquakestrikes,andkeepabackuppairinyourkit.
Yoursuppliesshouldalsoincludeblankets,flashlights(withfresh
batteries),tape,awrenchorothertooltoturnoffthegas,cash,a
fireextinguisher
andabattery-orhand-operated
radio.Documentslikep
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