现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter34文档格式.docx
- 文档编号:17062116
- 上传时间:2022-11-28
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:17
- 大小:26.11KB
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter34文档格式.docx
《现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter34文档格式.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter34文档格式.docx(17页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
battle(v.)buy(n.)
●Theeightminorprocessesofword-formation:
a)Initialismsandacronyms(about9%)首字母缩略法:
U.N.,TV,UNESO,NATO;
b)Blending(about6%)拼缀法:
brunch,telex,airtel;
c)Clipping(about2%)口语省略表达:
phone,flue,lab;
d)Wordsfrompropernames(about2%):
anUncleTom,xerox;
e)Backformation(about1%)反成法:
gangle,vacuumclean;
f)Reduplication(about0.5%)重叠法:
walkie-talkie,go-go;
g)Neo-classicalformations(about4%)新古典主义构词法:
psychedelic,neurolinguistics;
h)Others(about3%):
pizzazz,gazuump
●Somebasicconceptsofword-formation
1.Word-formationrules
2.Root,stem,base:
Root词根:
isnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphology
Stem词干:
thepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.
Base词基:
anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.
Eg.undesirables=un+desire+able+s
Base:
desirable→desire(base)
undesirable→desirable(base)
undesirables→undesirable(base)
denationalized=de+nation+al+ize+d
Root:
nation
Stem:
denationalize
national→nation
nationalize→national
denationalize→nationalize
denationalized→denationalize
desirable:
desire(rootorbase,notstem)
undesirable:
desirable(base,notroot,notstem)
undesirables:
undesirable(stemorbase,notroot)
desired:
desire(root,stemorbase)
3.2Compounding复合构词法
Compounding/composition复合构词法:
Aword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.
Eg.flowerpot=flower+pot
machine-independent=machine+independent
●Therelativecriteriaofacompound
1.Orthographiccriterion书写标准:
Compoundsarewritteninthreeways,thatis,solid,hyphenatedandopen.
Solid固定的:
airtight;
airmail
Hyphenated:
带连接符号的air-conditioning
Open公开的:
airforce,airraid
2.Phonologicalcriterion语音标准:
Compoundaccent:
amainstressonthefirstelementandsecondarystressonthesecondelement.
Normalphraseaccent:
asecondarystressonthefirstelementandthemainstressonthesecondelement.
3.Semanticcriterion:
语义表达标准
Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedtobutcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.
E.g.flowerpot-花盆
workday-工作日
backyard-后院
*wecaninferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts
⏹redtape(官样文章,烦琐拖沓的公事程序)
dogdays(thehottestdayoftheyear)三伏天
flatfoot(apoliceman)警察
blueblood(thequalityofbeinganoblemanbybirth)贵族血统
blueribbon(anhonorgiventothewinnerofthefirstprize)最高荣誉
*wecannotinferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts
●Theclassificationofcompounding复合构词的分类
Compoundsareclassifiedaccordingtopartsofspeechofthecompoundsandsubdividedbythesyntacticrelationofthecompoundingelement.
Partsofspeech:
1.Nouncompounds名次合成词
a)Subjectandverb
b)Verbandobject
c)Verbandadverbial
d)Subjectandobject
e)Restrictiverelation
f)Appositiverelation
2.Adjectivecompounds形容词合成词
a)subjectandverb主谓关系
b)verbandobject动宾关系
c)verbandadverbial谓状关系
d)nounandadjective
3.Verbcompounds动词合成词
a)Thoseformedbyback-formation
b)Thoseformedbyconversion
*therearetwotypesofsyntacticrelationsinverbcompounds
-object+verb:
housekeep“tokeephouse”proof-read“toreadandcorrecttheprinter'
sproof.
-adverbial+verb:
babysit“tositwithababy”vacuumclean“tocleanwithavacuumcleaner”
3.3Derivation派生构词法
Derivation/affixation派生构词法:
Aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.
Eg.recover=re+coverworker=work+er
●Acombiningform[构词成分]:
aboundmorpheme,whichwasoriginallyafullwordinLatinorGreek,butwhichnowoccursonlyinderivatives.
Eg.autobiography自传文学auto-=autos(Gk)=self
self+life+write
autoalarm自动报警器(auto+alarm)
autocracy独裁政治(auto+cracy)
*Combiningformsaredistinguishedfromaffixesbytheirabilitytooccurasoneconstituentofawordwhoseonlyotherconstituentisanaffix.
Eg.autocracyhydrographytelephone
autocracy=auto[构词成分]+cracy(suffix)
hydrography=hydro[构词成分]+graphy(suffix)
telephone=tele[构词成分]+phone(suffix)
●Prefixation前缀法
Prefixation:
theformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixorcombiningformtothebase.
●Classificationofprefixes:
1)negativeprefixes(反意前缀):
un-,non-,in-(im-,il-,ir-),dis-,a-
2)reversative/privativeprefixes(相反动作前缀):
un-,de-,dis-,
3)pejorativeprefixes(贬义前缀):
mis-,mal-,pseudo-
4)prefixesofdegreeorsize(等级与大小前缀):
arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,altra-,mini-
5)prefixesofattitude(态度取向前缀):
co-,counter-,anti-,pro-
6)locativeprefixes(方位前缀):
super-,sub-,inter-,trans-
7)prefixesoftimeandorder(时间顺序前缀):
for-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-
8)numberprefixes(常用数字前缀):
uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri,multi-/poly-
9)miscellaneousprefixes:
auto-,neo-,pan-,proto-,semi-,vice-
●Productiveprefixes:
anti-,de-,mini-,non-,re-,super-,un-
1.ant-/anti-
ant-/anti-==against
Anti-JapaneseWar抗日战争
antibody抗体
ant-/anti-==unliketradition
anti-art非正统艺术
anti-hero非传统英雄
2.de-
toundowhathasthisbeendone,reverseanactionorprocess.
Deacidify使脱酸,降低…的酸度
Decentralize使分散,疏散
Decolonize使非殖民化
toremove
debug调试,除错
defog从…除雾
delocalize使…离开座位,使…不受座位限制
3.mini-.
mini-+n小,微ofverysmallsize,duration,orimportance.
minibus微型汽车
reachingwellabovetheknee;
veryshort
miniskirt超短裙
*maxi-1)Extra-longreachingtotheankleorjustaboveitmaxicoat,maxidress
2)Extra-large
maxi-sculpture,maxi-problems
4.non-
not
nonaligned不结盟的,中立的
nonempty非空的
unliketheconventionalform
nonhero=antihero非英雄主角,反英雄
lackorabsence
nonbook无真实价值的书
noncountry不具备国家特征的国家
5.re-
again
recover恢复,覆盖
reproduce复制,再生
recycle循环
6.super-+adj./n.
超,极superstar超级明星
顶级superior优秀的
在…之上superstructure上层建筑
7.un-
Not
unkind不仁慈的,不厚道的
unseen看不见的,未看见的
Reversetheaction
untie解开,使自由
unpack卸下,解除…的负担
Releasefromortodeprive
unleash解开…的束缚,不受约束
unhorse推翻,使摔下马
●Suffixation后缀法
Suffixation:
theformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixoracombiningformtothebase,andusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.
●ClassificationofSuffixation
a)Nounsuffixes:
noun—nounsuffixes/denominalnounsuffixes:
-hood,-ship,-let,-dom
adjective----nounsuffixes/deadjectivalnounsuffixes:
-ness,-ist,-ism,-ity
verb----nounsuffixes/deverbalnounsuffixes:
-er,-ee,-ation,-ment
b)Verbsuffixes:
veryfewinEnglish:
-ify,-ize,-en
c)Adjectivesuffixes:
noun----adjectivesuffixes:
-ful,-less,-y,-ish
Otheradjectivesuffixes:
-able,-ed,-al,-ic,-ous
d)Adverbsuffixes:
-ly,-wards,-wise
●Productivesuffixes创造性后缀:
-able,-er,-in,-ish,-ize,-y
1.-able
havingthestatedqualityorcondition
changeable,variable,knowledgeable
changeable=beabletobechanged
vt.+ableadj.
Variable=abletovary
vi.+ableadj.
knowledgeable=knowalot
n.+ableadj.
2.–er
他教书教得很好。
Heteachesverywell.
Heisagoodteacher
3.–in
v.-inprotestingagainstracialdiscrimination,publicdemonstration
ride-in,swim-in
sit-in,lie-in,work-in
be-in,drop-in,sing-in,
socialgathering
drive-in
4.–y
N+.-yadj==fullof,coveredwith,characterizedby…
risky,dirty
v+.-yadj==havingatrendyto,inclinedto…
Sleepy
●Differentiatingsuffixes同根近义词/区分后缀
Eg.continuance,continuation,continuity
Continuance=continue+ance
thestateofcontinuing
Continuation=continue+action
theactofcontinuing
Continuity=continue+ity
thequalityofbeingcontinuous
3.4Conversion词类转换法
Conversion:
isaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.
●Thetypesofconversion
1.noun→verbconversion(themostproductive)数量最多
原因:
IncontemporaryEnglish,thereisatendencyof“apreponderanceofnounsoververbs”
Thereareonlyafewverb-formingaffixesinEnglish.
a)toputin/onN.
Theworkerscannedapples.
putapplesincans
b)togive/provideN.
Theyshelteredtheorphans.
givesheltertotheorphans
c)todepriveofN
Billweededthegarden.
cutoffweedsinthegarden
d)todosth.withN.
Johnbrakedthecar.
stoppedthecarwithabrake
e)toactasN.
Shemotheredtheorphan.(humann.)
lookedaftertheorphanlikeamother
Tomparrotedwhatthebosshadsaid.(animaln.)
repeatsth.likeaparrot
f)tomake/changesth.intoN.
Pleasecashthischequeforme.
changethischequeintocash
g)tosendsth./gobyN.
WebicycledtotheSummerPalace.
wenttothePalacebybicycle
h)tospendtheperiodoftimedenotedbyN.
WesummeredinQingdao.
spentsummerinQingdao
2.verb→nounconversion
a)Stateofmind/sensation
Hehadadesiretobeascientist.
desiredtobea…
b)Event/activity
Hisusualmorningcommutetowork
anactofcommuting
c)Objectorresultofv.
Thislittlerestaurantisquiteafind.
sth.found,esp.sth.valuableorpleasing
d)Agentofv.
Heisagreatbore.
Heisapersonwhoboreseveryone.
e)Instrumentofv.
Theclothisagoodcoverforthetable.
Icoveredthetablewithacloth.
f)PlaceofV
Thisisthedividebetweenthetworivers.
Thisistheplacewherethetworiversdivide.
3.adj.→verbconversion
a)Intransitiveverbs不及物动词tobecometheadj.
pale,slim
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 现代 英语 词汇学 概论 最强 复习资料 chapter34