跨文化沟通技巧重点总结Word文档下载推荐.docx
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跨文化沟通技巧重点总结Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Ethics:
thestudyofmoralityandstandardsofconducts.
P58
Incomepercapita
Figure3-1
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CSR:
corporatesocialresponsibility.Theactionsofafirmtobenefitsocietybeyondtherequirementsofthelawandthedirectinterestsofthefirm.
NGOs:
nongovernmentalorganizations.Private,not-forprofitorganizationsthatseektoservesociety’sinterestsbyfocusingonsocial,political,andeconomicissuessuchaspoverty,socialjustice,education,health,andtheenvironment.
P64
Table3-1:
PrinciplesoftheGlobalCompact
HumanRights
Principle1:
supportandrespecttheprotectionofinternationallyproclaimedhumanrightswithintheirsphereofinfluence.
Principle2:
makesurethattheirowncorporationsarenotcomplicitinhumanrightsabuses.
Labor
Principle3:
freedomofassociationandtheeffectiverecognitionoftherighttocollectivebargaining
Principle4:
theeliminationofallformsofforcedandcompulsorylabor
Principle5:
theeffectiveabolitionofchildlabor
Principle6:
theeliminationofdiscriminationinrespectofemploymentandoccupation
Environment
Principle7:
supportaprecautionaryapproachtoenvironmentalchallenges
Principle8:
undertakeinitiativestopromotegreaterenvironmentalresponsibility
Principle9:
encouragethedevelopmentanddiffusionofenvironmentallyfriendlytechnologies
Anticorruption
Principle10:
Businessesshouldworkagainstcorruptioninallitsforms,includingextortionandbribery.
Chapter4
P100
Culture:
acquiredknowledgethatpeopleusetointerpretexperienceandgeneratesocialbehavior.Thisacknowledgeformsvaluescreatesattitudes,andinfluencebehavior.
Thesixfeaturesofculture
1.Learned.Cultureisnotinheritedorbiologicallybased;
itisacquiredbylearningandexperience.
2.Shared.Peopleasmembersofagroup,organization,orsocietyshareculture;
itisnotspecifictosingleindividuals.
3.Transgenerational.Cultureiscumulative,passeddownfromonegenerationtothenext.
4.Symbolic.Cultureisbasedonthehumancapacitytosymbolizeoruseonethingtorepresentanother.
5.Patterned.Culturehasstructureandisintegrated;
achangeinonepartwillbringchangesinanother.
6.Adaptive.Cultureisbasedonhumancapacitytochangeoradapt,asopposedtothemoregeneticallydrivenadaptiveprocessofanimals.
P101
Table4-1PrioritiesofCultureValues:
UnitedStates,Japan,andArabCountries
UnitedStatesJapanArabCountries
1.Freedom1.Belonging1.Familysecurity
2.Independence2.Groupharmony2.FamilyHarmony
3.Self-reliance3.Collectiveness3.Parentalguidance
4.Equality4.Age/Seniority4.Age
5.Individualism5.Groupconsensus5.Authority
6.Competition6.Cooperation6.Compromise
7.Efficiency7.Quality7.Devotion
8.Time8.Patience8.patience
9.Directness9.Indirectness9.Indirectness
10.Openness10.Go-between10.Hospitality
P102
8specificexamples
1.Centralizedvs.decentralized
2.Safetyvs.risk
3.Individualvs.grouprewards
4.Informalvs.formalprocedures
5.Highvs.loworganizationalloyalty
6.Cooperationvs.competition
7.Short-termvs.long-termhorizons
8.Stabilityvs.innovation
P105
Values:
basicconvictionsthatpeoplehaverecordingwhatisrightorwrong,goodorbad,importantandunimportant.
P108
Hofstede’sCultureDimensions
Background:
foronecompany——IBM
1.Powerdistance
Theextenttowhichlesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationsacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally.
2.UncertaintyAvoidance
Theextenttowhichpeoplefeelthreatenedbyambiguoussituationsandhavecreatedbeliefsandinstitutionsthattrytoavoidthese.
3.Individualism&
Collectivism
Individualism:
thetendencyofpeopletolookafterthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamilyonly.
Collectivism:
thetendencyofpeopletobelongtogroupsorcollectivesandtolookaftereachotherinexchangeforloyalty.
4.Masculinity&
Femininity
Masculinity:
aculturalcharacteristicinwhichthedominantvaluesinsocietyaresuccess,money,andthings.
Femininity:
aculturalcharacteristicinwhichthedominantvaluesinsocietyarecaringforothersandthequalityoflife.
P114
Trompenaars’sCulturalDimensions
15000managersfrom28countries
1.Universalismvs.Particularism
Universalism:
thebeliefthatideasandpracticescanbeappliedeverywhereintheworldwithoutmodification.
Particularism:
thebeliefthatcircumstancesdictatehowideasandpracticesshouldbeappliedandthatsomethingcannotbedonethesameeverywhere.
2.Individualismvs.Communitarianism
Communitarianism:
referstopeopleregardingthemselvesaspartofagroup.
3.Neutralvs.Emotional
Neutralculture:
acultureinwhichemotionsareheldincheck.
Emotionalculture:
acultureinwhichemotionsareexpressedopenlyandnaturally.
4.Specificvs.Diffuse
Specificculture:
acultureinwhichindividualshavealargepublicspacetheyreadilysharewithothersandasmallprivatespacetheyguardcloselyandsharewithonlyclosefriendsandassociates.
Diffuseculture:
acultureinwhichpublicspaceandprivatespacearesimilarinsizeandindividualsguardtheirpublicspacecarefully,becauseentryintopublicspaceaffordsentryintoprivatespaceaswell.
5.Achievementvs.Ascription
Achievementculture:
acultureinwhichpeopleareaccordedstatusbasedonhowwelltheyperformtheirfunctions.
Ascriptionculture:
acultureinwhichstatusisattributedbasedonwhoorwhatapersonis.
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Figure4-8
Trompenaars’sRelationshipOrientationsonCulturalDimensions
1.
UniversalismParticularism
USA,Aus,Ger/Swi,Swe,UK,NL,Czh,Ita,Bel,Brz,Fra,Jap/Sin,Arg,Mex,Tha,HK,Chi,Ido,CIS,Ven
2.
IndividualismCommunitarianism
USA,Czh,Arg/CIS/Mex,UK,Swe/Aus,Spa/NL,Brz,Swi,Bel,Ven,HK,Ita,Ger,Chi,Fra,Ido,Jpn,Tha,Sin
3.
NeutralEmotional
Jpn,UK,Sin,Aus,Ido,HK,Tha,Bel/Ger,Swe/Arg/USA,Czh/Fra,Spa,Ita/Ven,CIS,Brz,Chi,Swi,NL,Mex
4.
SpecificDiffuse
Aus,UK,USA/Swi,Fra,NL,Bel,Brz,Czh,Ita/Ger,Arg/Jpn/Mex,Ido,CIS,Tha,HK/Sin/Swe,Spa,Chi,Ven
5.
AchievementAscription
Aus,USA,Swi/UK,Swe/Mex,Ger,Arg,Tha,Bel,Fra,Ita/Brz,NL/HK,Spa,Jpn,Czh,Sin,CIS,Chi,Ido,Ven
P119
Time:
SequentialSynchronous
Sequential:
approachesareprevalent,peopletendtodoonlyoneactivityatatime,keepappointmentsstrictly,andshowastrongpreferenceforfollowingplansastheyarelaidoutandnotdeviatingfromthem.
Synchronous:
approachesarecommon,peopletendtodomorethanoneactivityatatime,appointmentsareapproximateandmaybechangedatamoment’snotice,andschedulesgenerallyaresubordinatetorelationship.
P122
GLOBAL:
amulticountrystudyandevaluationofculturalattributesandleadershipbehaviorsamongmorethan17000managersfrom951organizationsin62countries.
P123
GLOBAL9dimensions
1.Uncertaintyavoidance
2.Powerdistance
3.CollectivismI:
社会集体主义
4.CollectivismII:
组内集体主义
5.Genderegalitarianism
6.Assertiveness
7.Futureorientation
8.Performanceorientation
9.Humaneorientation
Chapter5
P134
4predispositions
1.Ethnocentricpredisposition:
anationalisticphilosophyofmanagementwherebythevaluesandinterestsoftheparentcompanyguidestrategicdecisions
2.Polycentricpredisposition:
aphilosophyofmanagementwherebystrategicdecisionsaretailoredtosuittheculturesofthecountrieswheretheMNCoperates.
3.Regiocentricpredisposition:
aphilosophyofmanagementwherebythefirmtriestoblenditsowninterestswiththoseofitssubsidiariesonaregionalbasis.
4.Geocentricpredisposition:
aphilosophyofmanagementwherebythecompanytriestointegrateaglobalsystemsapproachtodecisionmaking.
Globalizationimperative:
abeliefthatoneworldwideapproachtodoingbusinessisthekeytobothefficiencyandeffectiveness.
P138
1.Parochialism:
thetendencytoviewtheworldthroughone’sowneyesandperspectives.
2.Simplification:
theprocessofexhibitingthesameorientationtowarddifferentculturalgroups.
P141
HAIRL:
Helicopter:
thecapacitytotakeabroadviewfromabove;
Analysis:
theabilitytoevaluatesituationslogicallyandcompletely;
Imagination:
theabilitytobecreativeandthinkoutsidethebox;
Reality:
theabilitytouseinformationrealistically;
Leadership:
theabilitytoeffectivelygalvanizeandinspirepersonnel.
Netherlands
France
Germany
Britain
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