文学中几种常见的英语修辞手法及其翻译Word文件下载.docx
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文学中几种常见的英语修辞手法及其翻译Word文件下载.docx
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从语言学的观点看,英语修辞格是一种特殊的符号。
从翻译学的观点看,英语修辞格是一种不同文化背景下独特的意境。
本文通过对几种常见修辞的粗略分析,来体会其中翻译的韵味,并掌握其翻译技巧。
keywords:
figuresofspeech,translation,method
关键词:
修辞,翻译,方法
introduction:
differentcountriesanddifferentculturescarrydifferenthistories,butitmakesusgettogetheratthesametime.languageisatoolforpeopletoconveytheirfeelingsandthoughts.inordertoimprovetheeffectsofexpressionandstrengthenthepersuasion,peopleapplymanyvarietiesofmethods.m.a.khallidaysaid:
“eachlanguagehasitsownlogic,ownfiguresofspeech,andownvalueofaesthetics.”sowefind,figuresofspeecharetheartisticnatureoflanguage.
asspecialsignsofthelanguage,figuresofspeecharewidelyusedinliteraryworks;
asuniquecontextsofmind,theyarewidelyusedindifferentculturalbackgrounds.thecategoriesofenglishfiguresofspeech(fengcuihua.englishfiguresofspeech):
simile,metaphor,analogy,personification,hyperbole,understatement,euphemism,metonymy,synecdoche,antonomasia,pun,zeugma,irony,innuendo,sarcasm,paradox,oxymoron,antithesis,epigram,climax,anti-climax,apostrophe,transferred-epithet,alliteration,onomatopoeia,andrepetition.
thecharmoffiguresofspeechinliteratureliesinitsbeautyofrelation,beautyofchange,beautyofharmony,andbeautyofsoundandcolor.now,letusanalyzeseveralcommonenglishfiguresofspeechinliterature,andtrytosummarizethemethodsoftranslatingthem.
1.simile
itisafigureofspeech,whichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.tomakethecomparisonwordslikeas,as…as,asif,andlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.
e.g.①sore-eyedchildrencloudsclusterofeverywhereinunbelievablenumbers,likecloudsofflies.(“marrakech”ae1)
眼睛红肿的孩子随处可见,多的像一群群的苍蝇,数也数不清。
②itwashisvoice,jiajie’svoice,soendearing,sogentle,andsofaraway,asif,fromanotherworld.(《人到中年》)
是他的声音,家杰的声音!
那么亲切,那么温柔,那么遥远,好似从九天之外的另一个世界飘来。
(trans.wangmeijie)
comparison,oneiscomparisonbetweenobjects,thisiscalledcomparisonintermsofimages;
theotheriscomparisonbetweenlogics,thisiscalledcomparisonintermsoflogic.example①compares“sore-eyedchildreninunbelievablenumbers”with“cloudsofflies”,thisiscomparisonintermsofimages.example②compares“jiajie’svoice”with“onefromanotherworld”,thisiscomparisonintermsoflogic.englishfamousscholarivorarmstrongrichardsdividedcomparisonintotwoparts:
⑴thetenor,i.e.theideabeingexpressedorthesubjectofthecomparison,suchas“sore-eyedchildren”and“jiajie’svoice”;
⑵thevehicle,i.e.theimageofwhichthisideaisconveyedorthesubjectcommunicated,suchas“cloudsofflies”and“onefromanotherworld”;
⑶indicatorofresemblance,linksthetenorandvehicle,suchas“like,as,asif”.
everynationhasitsownmethodsinexpression,andeverycomparisonhasitsownfeathers.tothesameimages,becauseofdifferentregion,differentsocietyanddifferentculturebackground,differentnationmayhavedifferentassociationthatformssomedistanceanddifferenceintheirlanguages.forexamples,therearedistinctlynationalfeaturesinthesimilevehicles.althoughtherearemanyvehicleequivalencesinenglishandchinese,thenumberislimited.infact,therearealotofequivalentmethodsinwhichthesamemeaningofcomparisonshasdifferentvehicles.sowhenwemeetthecomparisonsthatarenottranslatedliterally,wemustchangetheirimagesorvehicles.e.g.(huwenchongcultureandcommunication):
①diamondcutdiamond.棋逢对手
②youareputtingallyoureggsinonebasket.你这是孤注一掷。
macroscopically,therearemanycommoncharactersinthewholehumanculture;
microcosmically,therearealsoindividualitiesineachnationalculture.especially,idiomsandproverbsarethefruitsofthenationalcultures,whichfullyreflectthenationalfeatures.e.g.(xuchaoxi《英谚译介》):
①aratinahole瓮中捉鳖
②likeadrownedrat像落汤鸡
thesetranslationsachievethelikenessinspiritbutnotinforms.thisalsofollowsamericanfamoustranslationscholareugerea.nida“functionalequivalence”.whenwechangeimagesandvehicles,wedefertoitsnationalfeatures,nationalcultureandlanguagefeatures,andwealsomustthinkaboutthedegreeofreaders’acceptance.
3.metonymy
itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanother.
e.g.①let’shaveachatoverabottle.咱们边喝酒边聊天吧。
②hechoseaguninsteadofacapandgown.他选择了当兵,而没有选择上大学。
③onthe14thofmarch,ataquartertothreeintheafternoon,thegreatestlivingthinkerceasedtothink.(frederickengels.speechatthegravesideofkarlmarx)3月14日,下午两点三刻,当代最伟大的思想家停止了思考。
thetypesofmetonymyandtheirfunctions:
⑴namesofcontainersinsteadofthingsinthem.
example①,“bottle”insteadof“thewineinthebottle”.
⑵toolsororgansinsteadofthetenors:
example②,“gun”insteadof“soldier”,“capandgown”insteadof“enteringtheuniversity”.
⑶reasonsandresultsinsteadofeachother:
example③,“ceasedtothink”insteadof“died”.
methodsoftranslation:
accordingtothefeaturesoftheabovetypes,wecanapplyliteraltranslation,liberaltranslationandadditiontranslationinmetonymy.
e.g.①lawrencebecamethemouthpiecefortheorsattifamily,andwhenthetimingwasright,orsattihadhimelevatedtoajudgeship.(sidnesheldon.iftomorrowcomes.)
劳伦斯成了奥斯蒂家族的喉舌,奥斯蒂则瞅着时机成熟,将他推上了法官的宝座。
“mouthpiece”:
literaltranslation,thismethodretainstheoriginalimageswhichmakesthetranslationhavemoreappealtoreaders.
4.personification
onekindofrhetoricispoetic;
onekindofrhetoricisvivid;
onekindofrhetoricisclear.thisisthedaffodilinthefiguresofspeech―personification:
itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributetoinanimateobjects,ortoideasandabstractions.
e.g.themist,likelove,playsupontheheartofthehillsandbringsoutsurprisesofbeauty.(r.tagore.straybirds)
雾,像爱情一样,在山峰的心上游戏,生出种种美丽的变幻。
personificationinenglishandchineseisdifferentinapproachbutequallysatisfactoryinresult.theuseofitisalsosimilartoeachother.inthefollowingpart,theauthorwillintroducetheusageofpersonificationbriefly.
⑴personificationofinanimateobjects
e.g.theancientmansionspoketomeofbygonedays.古老的宅第对我诉说逝去的岁月年华。
⑵personificationofanimateobjects(chieflyusedinliteratureandart,especiallyusedinconversations.)
e.g.thelionlaughedscornfullyatthis,butheliftedhispawandlethisbraveprisonergofree.
那狮子哈哈大笑,对此嗤之以鼻,但还是高抬贵手,把自己勇敢的囚犯放走了。
⑶personificationofflowers,grassandtrees
e.g.theflowerssmileateveryvisitor.鲜花向所有来宾绽开笑容。
⑷personificationofnaturalphenomenon
e.g.thegentlebreezecaressesmycheeksandsoothedmyanger.和风轻抚我的脸颊,平息了我的怒气。
5.hyperbole:
itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.
therolesofhyperbole:
first,itmustbebasedontheobjectivecasesandlifefoundations,whichmakepeople,believe.
second,theuseofhyperbolemustbeclear,whichmakespeopleknowitishyperbolenotonlydescribing.
third,theuseofhyperbolemustbenovelnotvulgar.
fourth,translatorsmustpayattentiontotherangeofhyperbole.
thetranslationofhyperboleisrelativeeasierwhichissimilartochinesehyperbole.whenwetranslateit,wecanapplyliteraltranslation.
e.g.hiseloquencewouldsplitrocks.他的雄辩之威力,能劈磐石。
sometimes,wecanalsoapplyliberaltranslation.
e.g.it’sacrimetostayonsuchabeautifulday.今天阳光明媚,躲在家里实在太遗憾了。
whiletranslatinghyperbole,weshouldnoticethelanguageappealandinspirationwhichcangivereaderspleasure,imaginations,anddeepimpressions.
conclusion
wehavetalkedaboutfiguresofspeechsomuch.infact,thetranslationofrhetoricisaprocessofrecreation.itreproducestheoriginalideasandcontextofsituation.asmaodunsaid:
“…theliterarytranslationisthattranslatorsconveytheoriginalthoughtsandcontextofmindtoreadersasiftheyarereadingtheoriginalworks,whichgivesthemtheinspirationandenjoymentofbeauty.”therefore,ifwewanttoimprovetheabilitiestodothetranslation,wemuststudyfiguresofspeechfirst.however,inourenglishteaching,peoplealwayspaymuchattentiontothegrammarandvocabulary,andignorefiguresofspeech.inthefieldsoflinguisticsandforeignlanguageteaching,scholarswhostudyrhetoricaresofewthatthissubjectisstillaweakpartintheforeignlanguagestudying.inmyopinion,nowadays,somepeoplethinkitisunnecessarytogodeepintoit,orsomepeoplethinkitisunattainabletostudyit.manypeopleconsiderfiguresofspeecharehiddeninthefamousmasters’works;
however,infact,theyareinourdailylives.weshoulddoafeasibilitytochangeourbackwardideas.inthemeantime,wemustimprovetheteachingandstudyingofrhetoric.
references
[1]陈望道.修辞学发凡[m].上海:
上海教育出版社,1982
[2]冯翠华.英语修辞格[m].北京:
商务印书馆,1983
[3]张汉熙.advancedenglish(revisededition)bookⅰ,ⅱ.北京:
外语教学与研究出版社,2002
[4]李国南.辞格与词汇[m].上海:
杀害外语教育出版社,1992
[5]李国南.英汉习用性比喻中的喻体比较与翻译[a].胡文仲.文化与交际[c].北京:
外语教育与研究出版社,1994
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