中国文化Outline for ReviewWord下载.docx
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中国文化Outline for ReviewWord下载.docx
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6.Tathāgata(rulai)andMahavira(daxiong)aretwoothertitlesofBuddha.
7.poetryandlyricshaveinvariablybeentheorthodoxgenreinancientChineseliterature.
8.InancientChina,thepoetry,prose,dramaandnovelhavebeenimbuedinalyricalatmosphere.
9.TheTangpoetrycouldbecataloguedintothefrontierpoetryschoolheadedbybyGaoShiandCenShenandthepastoralpoetryschoolledbyWangWeiandMengHaoran,bothofwhomsymbolizedthetwoaspectsregardingthedoomoftheancientChineseliterati—servingasofficialsordwellinginseclusion.
10.OuyangXun,YanZhenqing,LiuGongquanoftheTangDynastyandZhaoMengfuoftheYuanDynastyareknownasthe“FourGreatMastersoftheRegularScript.”
11.Famille-roseporcelainisafineexampleofincorporatingEuropeanartistictechniquesintothedesignofChineseporcelain.
12.Blue-and-whiteporcelainisthemosttypicaltypeofChineseporcelain.
13.Thebeautyofjadewasinvolvedinfiveattributes:
benevolence,righteousness,wisdom,bravery,purity.
14.Chinesepeople’sinterestincracklewareliesinitsnaturallyproducedandunpridictablepatterns.
15.ItisgenerallyagreedthattherearefoursacredTaoistmountainsinChina,namely,MountLonghuinJiangxiProvince,MountQingchenginSichuanProvince,MountWudanginHubeiProvince,andMountQiyuninAnhuiProvince.
16.FoursacredBuddhistmountainsareMountWutaiinShanxiProvince,MountJiuhuainAnhuiProvince,MountPutuoinZhejiangProvince,andMountEmeiinSichuanProvince,respectivelydedicatedtotheBodhisattvaWenshu,theBodhisattvaDizang,theBodhisattvaGuanyin,andtheBodhisattvaPuxian.
17.AmongalltheChinesefestivals,onlyQingmingFestivalisbothafestivalandasolarterm.
18.TheChinesehavehadsurnamesathousandyearslongerthananyotherculture.
19.AnancientChinesenameisoftenincludingfourparts:
thesurname,thegivenname,thealias(zi),andthestyle(hao).Peoplecalledoneanotherbythealiastoshowmutualrespect.
20.TheForbiddenCitywasdwelledby24emperorsofMingandQingdynastiesforabout500years.
21.Chinesetraditionalmedicineshowstheculturalvalueofharmonywithnature.
22.TheHallofSupremeHarmony,themostimportantbuildingintheForbiddenCity,islocatedinTheOuterCourtofthePalace.
23.Daoism-rootedQigongexhibitedahigher-levelpractisingapproachandanintricatetheoreticalsystem.
24.ThemaincolorofthebuildingsintheTempleofHeavenisblue.
25.ThecentripetalstructuresofthetwomainbuildingsintheTempleofHeavengivesoneasenseofreachinguptoHeavenwhileascendingthesteps.
26.OurancestorsweregratefultoHeavenbecausetheybelievedHeavenwasmoreinclinedtowardloveandtolerance,punishingpeopleonlyoccasionally.
27.RealChinesemartialartspractitionersnourishone’sinnertranquility.
28.TheTempleofHeaven,wheretheemperorusedtoofferoblationstotheHeavenlyDeitytwiceayear,issituatedinthesouthpartofcentralBeijing.
29.TheTempleofEarth,locatedinthenorthofBeijing,symbolizestheEarthwithmanysquarewallsandaltars
30.AhugestoneattheentranceintheChinesegardenservestoscreenyourview,soastolaterproduceunforeseendelightwhenyouturnaround.
31.Throughthehollowwindowsvisitorsmayseedifferentviewsatdifferentangles,thusthecompositionofthegardencanbe“enlarged”.
32.IntheChinesegarden,adoormayleadintoablindcourtyardandafewbambootreesandrocksareplacedtoconcealtheview.Thusitsuggestssomethingwhichisnotthere.Thisistoprovidefortheunrealinthereal.
33.TheChinesegardenischaracterizedbystudieddisorderliness,whichcangiveyouthefeelingoftheinfinite.
34.Theuseofrockerycanbeconsideredasanexampleofeffortstointroduceintohumanarchitecturethenaturalirregularlinesofnature.
35.GeomancyhascontributedtotheestheticrichnessofChinesearchitecture.
36.Broadlyspeaking,Europeancathedralssuggestthespiritofsublimity,whileChinesearchitectureandgardenssuggestthespiritofserenity.
37.Englishgardensimposemathematicalshapes—cones,spheresandpyramids—onthevegetation,whileChinesegardensusetheprincipleoftheirregularityofnature.
38.InaChinesegarden,oneneedstolearntoappreciatethepoeticsymbolismandphilosophicalallusions.
39.Oneenjoysthesurpriseofdifferentvistas,reflectinguponthevarietyofhistoricalassociationsandclassicalallusionsthattheChinesegardeninspires.
40.YuanmingyuanImperialGardenhadsharedalong-standingfameovertheglobalhistoryofgardenengineering,conferreduponsuchtitlesas“themodelofallgardensintheworld”,“thestereotypeinallgardeningarts”.
41.Thefood-therapeuticssprangoutasaqueerlustrousbloomfromthesoilofChinesemedicineandcuisine.
42.MoreoftenthannotWesternersregardthecookingoffoodasacompletemechanicjob,fromwhichtheChinesediverge.
43.Chinesezither,astringedinstrument(orqininChineselanguage)fellwithinthemostancientmusicalinstrumentsinChina,andthemusicplayedbyqinsoundedasanemblemofthenativemusicofChinesenation.
Questions
1.Whataretheculturalconnotations(内涵)ofeatingjiaozi(dumplingsshapedlikeacrescentmoon)andniangao(newyearcakes)?
PeopleinnorthernChinatypicallywilleatdumplings(jiaozi)onNewYear'
sEve.Thisoccursbecause'
jiaozi'
soundslikeawordmeaning'
biddingfarewelltotheoldandusheringinthenew.'
inChinese.JiaozilookslikethegoldeningotyuanbaousedduringtheMingDynastyformoneyandthenamesoundslikethewordfortheearliestpapermoney,soservingthemisbelievedtobringprosperity.Somecookswillevenhideacleancoinfortheluckytofind.
Whileniangaocanbeeatenallyearround,traditionallyitismostpopularduringChineseNewYear.Itisconsideredgoodlucktoeatniangaoduringthistime,because"
niangao"
isahomonymfor"
higheryear."
TheChineseword粘(niá
n),meaning"
sticky"
isidenticalinsoundto年,meaning"
year"
andtheword糕(gāo),meaning"
cake"
isidenticalinsoundto高,meaning"
high"
.Assuch,eatingniangaohasthesymbolismofraisingoneselfhigherineachcomingyear(年年高升niá
nniá
ngāoshēng).ThisstickysweetsnackwasbelievedtobeanofferingtotheKitchenGod,withtheaimthathismouthwillbestuckwiththestickycake,sothathecan'
tbadmouththehuman'
sfamilytotheGodofallGods(YuHuangDaDi).
2.HowwasitpossiblefortheChineseculturetosurvivethoseperiodicpoliticaldisastersandnotbesubmergedbythem?
Chineseculturewhichhassurvivedthoseperiodicpoliticaldisastersandnotbeensubmergedbythemhasitsreason.Theso-calledracialstaminaandracialvitalityispartlyconstitutionalandpartlycultural.First,amongtheculturalforcesmakingforracialstabilitymustbecountedfirstofalltheChinesefamilysystem,whichwassowell-definedandorganizedastomakeitimpossibleforamantoforgetwherehislineagebelonged.
AnotherculturalforcemakingforsocialstabilitywasthecompleteabsenceofestablishedclassesinChina,andtheopportunityopenforalltoriseinthesocialscalethroughtheimperialexaminationsystem.
Theimperialexaminationsystemeffectedaqualitativeselection,andenabledtalenttoreproduceandpropagateitself.
Third,whatseemsstillmoreimportantisthefactthattherulingclassnotonlycamefromthecountrybutalsoreturnedtothecountry,astheruralmodeoflifewasalwaysregardedastheideal.Thisruralidealinart,philosophyandlife,sodeeplyimbeddedintheChinesegeneralconsciousness,mustaccountinalargemeasurefortheracialhealthtoday.
3.GiveabriefaccountofTheGreatLearning.
3.GiveabriefaccountofTheGreatLearning.
TheGreatLearning,writteninearlyHanDynasty,wasoneofthe"
FourBooks"
inConfucianism.IthadcomefromachapterintheClassicofRiteswhichformedoneoftheFiveClassics.TheGreatLearningisaboutthecultivationofone’smoralcharacterandthewisdomofgoverningacountryduringthe“daxue”periodofancientChina.ItistheimaginationofancienteducationbytheHanpeople,throughwhichtheycanputforwardtheirowneducationaltheories.ItconsistsofashortmaintextattributedtotheteachingsofConfuciusandthentencommentarychaptersaccreditedtooneofConfucius'
disciples,Zengzi.TheidealsofthebookweresupposedlyConfucius'
s;
howeverthetextwaswrittenafterhisdeath.
4.WhatarethecommonfeaturesofChinesereligiousbelief?
(1)ItiscertainlytruethatinChinaeventhemassofthepeopledonottakeseriouslytoreligion.Thetemples,ritesandceremoniesofTaoismandBuddhisminChinaaremoreobjectsofrecreationthanofedification;
theytouchtheaestheticsense,sotospeak,oftheChinesepeopleratherthantheirmoralorreligioussense;
infact,theyappealm
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