消防报警和安全检测(外文文献翻译).doc
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消防报警和安全检测(外文文献翻译).doc
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FireAlarmsandSecurityDetection
Afirealarmcircuit,asitsnameimplies,soundsanalarmintheeventofafire.Therecanbeoneorseveralalarmsthroughoutabuilding,andtherecanbeseveralalarmpoints,whichactivatethewarming.Thealarmpointscanbeoperatedmanuallyorautomatically;inthelattercasetheymaybesensitivetoheat,smokeorionization.Thereareclearlymanycombinationspossible,andthischaptergivessomesystematicaccountofthewaytheyarebuiltup.
Severalalarmpointsareconnectedinparallel,andwheneveroneofthemisactuatedthecircuitiscompletedandthealarmsounds.Thisisdescribedasanopencircuit,anditwillbeseenthatitisnotfailsafe,becauseifthereisafailureofsupply,thefirealarmcannotwork.Anothercharacteristicofthiscircuitisthateveryalarmpointmustbecapableofcarryingthefullcurrenttakenbyallthebellsorhootersworkingtogether.
Thealarmpointsareconnectedinserieswitheachotherandwitharelaycoil.Therelayisnormallyclosedwhende-energized,andopenswhenthecoilisenergized.Thuswhenanalarmpointisactivatedtherelaycoilisde-energized,therelayclosesandthealarmsounds.Thissystemfailssafetotheextentthatifthecoilcircuitfailsthemaincircuitoperatesthealarm.Itisnotofcoursesafeagainsttotalfailureofthesupplybecauseinthateventthereisnosupplyavailabletoworkthebells.Thealarmpointsdonothavetocarrytheoperatingcurrentofthebellsorhooters.Thisarrangementiscalledaclosedcircuitincontrasttotheopencircuit.Wecannoticethatinanopencircuitthealarmpointsarewiredinparallelandarenormallyopen,whilstinaclosedcircuittheywiredinseriesandarenormallyclosed.
Atypicalmanuallyoperatedfirealarmpointiscontainedinarobustredplasticcasewithaglasscover.Thematerialischosenforitsfireresistingproperties.Thecasehasknockoutforconduitentriesattopandbottombutthematerialcanbesufficientlyeasilycutforthesiteelectriciantomakehimselfanentryinthebackifheneedsit.Alternativeterminalsareprovidedforcircuitsinwhichthecontactshavetoclosewhentheglassissmashedandforcircuitsinwhichthecontactshavetoopenwhentheglassissmashed.Intheformercase,thereisatestswitchwhichcanbereachedwhenthewholefrontisopenedwithanAllenKey.Inthelattercase,thetestpushisomittedbecausethecircuitisinanycaseofthefailsafetype.Thealarmpointillustratedissuitableforsurfacemounting.Similaronesareavailableforflushfixingandinweatherproofversions.Thecurrentcarryingcapacityofthecontactsshouldalwaysbecheckedwiththemaker'scatalogue.
Athermallyoperatedalarmpointconsistsofabi-metalstripthatdeflectswhenthetemperaturerises,andtherebytiltsatubehalffullofmercury.Whenthetubetiltsthemercuryflowsintotheotherhalfofthetubewhereitcompletesthecircuitbetweentwocontactspreviouslyseparatedbyair.Alternatively,thearrangementwithinthetubecanbesuchthatthemercurybreaksthecircuitwhenthetubeistilted.Thecasingofthealarmisofstainlesssteel.Heatdetectorsofthistypeareusuallysettooperateat65℃.Theyarefrequentlyusedinboilerhouses.
Asmokeoperatedalarmpointwouldbeusedonlyinspecialcircumstanceswhichmakeitnecessarytodetectsmokeratherthanheat.Thistypecancausenuisanceoperationofthealarmbyreactingtosmallquantitiesofsmokewhichhavenotbeencausedbyafire;theyhaveforexamplebeenknowntosoundthealarmasaresultofcigarettesmokeinanoffice.Modernoneshaveadjustablesensitivitysothattheycanbesettoavoidnuisanceoperation.
Anionizationdetectorcontainsachamberwhichhousessomelowstrengthradioactivematerialandapairofelectrodes.Theradioactivematerialmakestheairinthechamberconductivesothatasmallcurrentflowsbetweentheelectrodes.Thesizeofthecurrentvarieswiththenatureofthegasinthechamberandassoonasanycombustion.Productsareaddedtotheairthereisasuddenchangeinthecurrentflowing.Thedetectoralsohasasecondchamberwhichispermanentlysealedsothatthecurrentthroughitneverchanges.Aslongasthecurrentsthroughthetwochambersareequalthereisnooutput,assoonastheybecomeunbalancedthereisanetoutputwhichisusedtooperateatransistorswitchinthemaincircuitthroughthedetector.
Thehumanbeingisthemostefficientfiredetector,providedthatheisactuallythereatthetime.Thecombinationofhiseyes,earsandnoseallowshimtodifferentiatebetweenvariousphenomena.Hecansmellthedifferencebetweencigarettesmoke,burningtoastandsomethingmoresinistersuchasburningpaper.Hecanseesmokeandflamesandwilloftenhearafirebeforehehasnot
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