福建专升本博迪专升本大学英语语法资料Word下载.docx
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福建专升本博迪专升本大学英语语法资料Word下载.docx
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should
+动词原形
would
could
might
虚拟式过去时
had+过去分词
+have+过去分词
虚拟式将来时
wereto
1.2用法
1.2.1表示与现在事实相反的假设
例如:
1)IfIknewEnglish,IshouldbeabletoreadtheseEnglishbook.
2)Iftherewerenowaterandair,nothingcouldlive.
3)Ifmygrandfatherwerealivetoday,howhappyhewouldbe!
1.2.2表示与过去事实相反的假设
1)IfIhadtakenyouradvice,Iwouldn’thavemadethismistake.
2)Ifyouhadcomeyesterday,youwouldhaveseenhim.
3)Ifyouhadgothishelpthatday,youmighthavesucceededindoingyourexperiment.
1.2.3表示对将来实现的可能性很小或不确定的就假设
1)IfIweretodothistest,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.
2)Ifyouweretocometomorrow,Imighthavetimetoseeyou.
3)Ifitshouldraintomorrow,whatwouldwedo?
注:
假设条件句中如有had,were或should时,可以把had,were,should提到句首,同时省略if。
如果从句中没有had,were或should时,则不能这样做。
1)Hadhehadtimeyesterday,hewouldhavehelpedus.
2)WereIyou,IwouldchoosetostudyJapanese.
3)Shouldtheteachercomethisevening,Ishouldaskhimsomequestions.
1.2.4错综条件句
条件句和主句表示的动作有时在时间上产生交错,在这种情况下,动词形式要进行相应调整。
1)Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,hewouldbequiteallrightnow.
2)Ifwehadcontrolledourpopulationinthe1950’s,thepopulationproblemwouldn’tbesoserioustoday.
1.2.5有时用介词短语来代替虚拟条件句
1)Withoutelectricity,therewouldbenomodernindustry.
2)Butforyourhelp,Iwouldn’thavefinishedmyjobintime.
3)Underanothersocialsystem,suchfloodswouldhavecausedterribledisasters.
假设的情况有时还可以通过上下文来表示。
1)Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,buthehasbeensobusy.
2)Iwouldhavewrittenbefore,butIhavebeenill.
3)Iwasillthatday,otherwiseIwouldhavegonetoseeyou.
2.用在一下宾语从句中
用在一些表示要求、建议、命令等动词的宾语从句中。
这时从句中谓语动词要用虚拟形似来表示,即用”should+动词原形”或省略should,只用动词原形。
这些动词有:
suggest,propose,insist,prefer,order,command,advise,move(建议),desire,recommend,require,intend,decide,request,deserve,demand,determine,arrange,beg,ask,pray(祈求,祈祷),urge(鼓励,极力主张),etc.
1)Theysuggestthatwe(should)holdameetingtodiscussthematter.
2)Iproposethatthematter(should)beputtovoteatonce.
3)Mostofthestudentsinsistedthatthey(should)havemoreEnglishclasses.
3.用在以下主语从句中
用在一些与表示要求、建议、命令等动词意义相似的形容词所带的主语从句中。
这时谓语动词也用”should+动词原形”或省略should,只用动词原形。
这些形容词有:
advisable,desirable,essential,important,impossible,necessary,possible,strange,urgent,incredible(难以置信的),natural,insistent,preferable,crucial(关键的),vital(至关重要的)以及desired,decided,recommended,suggested,deserved,etc.
1)Itisnecessarythatthemachines(should)beoiled(给…上油)everyday.
2)Itisimportantthatthestudents(should)takepartinthesocialpractice.
3)Itisdesiredthatallthestudents(should)passthefinalexamination.
4)Itisrequiredthatallthecommitteemembers(should)bepresent.
5)Ithasbeendecidedthatthemeeting(should)bepostponed(推迟)tillnextweek.
4.用在某些名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中
这时谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或省略should,只用动词原形。
这些名词有:
suggestion,proposal,advice,decision,desire,order,idea,motion(动议,提议),recommendation,request,requirement,resolution,etc.
1)Oursuggestionwasthatsuchdevice(should)bedesignedandproducedwithoutdelay.
2)Hisdesireisthathe(should)visittheGreatWallofChinasomeday.
3)Weallagreehisproposalthatwe(should)gogoseetheexhibition.
5.用在动词wish后面的宾语从句中
虚拟语气用在动词wish后面的宾语从句中,表示一种与实际情况相反的愿望。
5.1与现在事实相反,wish后用动词的过去式
例如:
1)IwishIknewhowtooperatethecomputer.
2)Iwishyouweremorecareful.
5.2与过去事实相反,wish后用过去完成时或“could+现在完成时”
4
1)IwishyouhadcometoourNewYear’sParty.
2)Shewishesthatshecouldhavebeenthereyesterday.
5.3与将来相反,wish后用(would/could+动词原形)
1)Wewishthatyoucouldcomeandjoinus.
2)Iwishitwouldstoprainingtonight.
动词wish如果是过去式,后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气形式不变。
1)Shewishedsheknewhowtodriveacar.
2)IwishedIhadn’tbeensoforgetful.ThenIshouldn’thavemissedthetalk.
6.虚拟语气用在ifonly引起的从句及感叹句中
通常后面用过去式或过去完成时,与wish后面的谓语动词用法相同。
常译成“要是…就好了”,“但愿…”,通常表达强烈的愿望或遗憾。
1)Ifonlyo9couldhelpyou!
2)Ifonlythewindwouldstop!
3)IfonlyIweretenyearsyounger!
4)Ifonlyhehadnotleft!
7.用在由asif或asthough引导的状语从句中
谓语动词形式与wish后面的谓语动词用法相同。
1)Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.
2)Mymotherlookedaftertheorphanasifhewereherownchild.
8.用在以lest,forfearthat引导的从句中
这时谓语动词多用“should+动词原形”,也可省略should.
1)Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestit(should)rain.
2)Sheputthecoatoverthechildforfearthathe(should)catchcold.
9.用在“It’s(about/high)time”句型中(意为:
是该做…的时候了。
)
1)It’stimeweleft.
2)It’shightimewewenttobed.
3)It’sabouttimewesummedypourresults.
如果从句的主语是单数第一,第三人称,则动词be常用was.
It’stimethatIwasoff.(
我该告辞了。
10.用在wouldrather,would和wouldjustassoon后面
10.1接不带to的不定式,表示选择,可以指现在也可以指过去
1)Hewouldratherliveinthecountrythaninthecity.
2)Theundergroundworker(地下工作者)wouldratherdiethanyield.
10.2接从句
10.1.1表示与现在相反用过去式
1)Hewouldrather(that)itweresummernow.
2)Iwouldjustassoonyoupostedtheletterrightaway.
3)Iwouldratheryoudidn’ttellhimaboutit.
10.1.2表示与过去相反用过去完成时
1)IwouldratherIhadn’ttoldyouaboutit.
2)Hewouldratherhehadattendedthemeetingyesterday.
Lecture2Inversion(倒装)
句子的正常语序为“主语+谓语”。
倒装是相对句子的正常语序而言,即将谓语或谓语的一部分提到主语的前面,这样就形成了倒装。
常用的倒装句形式主要有以下几种:
1.省略了连词if的虚拟条件句,且助动词为should,had或系动词were时,将should,had或were提到主语之前。
1)Wereitnotforyourhelp,Icouldn’thavegotsuchahighscore.
2)Shouldhecometomorrow,tellhimallaboutit.
3)Hadhestudiedmore,hewouldhavebeenabletopasstheexam.
2.用于so+形容词或副词+(that)和such+名词+(that)引出的结果状语从句中,一加强语气。
1)SolittledidIknowaboutmathematicsthatthelecturewastotallybeyondme.
2)Sofastishewalkingthatnoneofuscancatchupwithhim.
3)Suchwastheforceofexplosionthatallthewindowswerebroken.
3.用于as引出的让步状语从句和比较状语从句以及“themore…themore”
结构。
1)Highasthemountainis,itcan’tstopouradvance.
2)Theharderyouwork,thebetterresultsyouwillget.
3)Flyingdemandsamuchgreatersupplyofenergythandomostotherformsoftransportation.(飞机比大多数其他交通工具需要更多的燃料。
4.当(and)so,(and)either(表示与上述情况同样)及(and)neither,(and)nor(表示与上述情况同样不)位于句首时,须将系动词,助动词或情态动词提前,构成倒装。
特别要注意是要与所有的系动词,助动词或情态动词在形式上和时态上保持一致。
1)JohnwillgotoLondonnextweek,andsoshallI.
2)Thesescissorsarenotsharpandneitheristhatpairofscissors.
3)Youcan’tdoit,(and)norcanI.
4)Neitherishewrong,norareyou.
如果表示与上述情况同样或同样不,而是表示对句子内容的同意或肯定时,则不能用倒装。
比较:
1)Heisagoodstudent,soheis.(他是个好学生,的确是。
2)--DidTomtellyouwhattodo?
–Hedid,andsoIdid.
(汤姆告诉了你做什么吗?
他说了,我也做了。
5.当下列表示否定意义的副词或短语位于句首时,句子要倒装,一加强语气或强调:
no,hardly,scarcely,seldom,barely,rarely,nolonger,notuntil,nosooner…(than),hardly(scarcely,barely)…when,notonly…butalso或only+状语。
1)NeverhadIseensuchamarvelousplaceastheGreatWallbeforeIgotthere.
2)Nosoonerhadhegonetosleepthanthetelephonerangoncemore.
3)Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothequestion.
4)OnlyinthiswaycanwelearnEnglishwell.
5)NotonlywasChurchillastatesman,butalsoapoet.
6)Seldomhashewrittentoherrecently.
6.当下列表示否定意义的介词短语位于句首时,句子要倒装:
atnottime(任何时候也不),innocase(任何情况下也不),bynomeans(完全不是,一点也不,绝不),innoway(怎样也不),onnoconsideration(怎么也想不到)
1)Innocaseareyoutoleaveyourpost.
2)Onnoconsiderationcanweloseourconfidence.
3)InnowaycouldIpersuadehertoseethefoolishnessofherplan.
4)AtnotimewillChinabethefirsttousenuclearweapons.
7.当句首为here,there,now,then,hence而谓语为be,go,come等动词,且主语是名词(词组)而非代词时,句子要倒装。
1)Theregoesthebell.(铃响了。
2)Hencecomesthenamelaser.(由此得出激光这个名称。
3)Thencametheordertostart.
4)Nowisyourturn.
5)Hereisthebookyouwant.
Lecture3RelativeClause(定语从句)
定语从句风味限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。
限定性定语从句
在限定性定语从句中,定语从句和它所修饰的先行词所指意义之间的联系不可分割,若少了它,则不能表达完整意义。
Teachingisthemostdifficultofthevariouswaysthat/whichIhaveattemptedtoearnmyliving.
非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间的联系则较松散,知识对先行词提供一些补充说明。
因此,若省去该从句,不至于影响先行词所指的主要意义。
它和主句之间常用都好分开,引导词不可用that,常用关系代词which,who,as以及关系副词when和where引导。
1)Wewillputoffthesportsmeetuntilnextweek,whentheweathermaybebetter.
2)In1956,hecametoShanghai,wherehehaslivedeversince.
3)Thebook,whichwaspublishedmanyyearsago,remainsabestsellertoday.
4)Someoftheroadwereflooded,whichmadeourjourneyverydifficult.
5)Ashasbeenstated,metalshavemanygoodproperties(性能).
1.带前置词的定语从句
前置词(常为介词)通常放在which,whom等引导的定语从句之前。
1)Thefarmeruseswoodtobuildahouseinwhichtheystoregrains.
2)Thisisthequestionaboutwhichtheyhavehadsomuchdiscussioninthepastfewweeks.
关系代词that,关系副词when,where等都不可以放在前置词后面做其宾语。
2.名词(代词或数词)+of+whom/which表示部分与整体关系
先行词指人时,用名词+of+whom;
先行词指物时,用名词+of+which;
1)Theclassconsistsof45students,12ofwhomcomefromtheSouth.
2)Therearemanyformsofenergy,oneofwhichisatomicenergy.
3)Ifoundmystudentsthere,mostofwhomwereboys.
3.whose引导的定语从句
Whose既可以指人,也可以指物,在从紧中做定语,表示所属关系。
1)Isawsometreeswhoseleaveswereblackwithdisease.
2)Ateacherisapersonwhosedutyistoteach.
3)Thebuildingwhosewindowswereallpaintedgreenisourlibrary.
4.只能用that和who引导的定语从句
当all,nothing,a
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