对外汉语了的位置及用法Word格式.docx

对外汉语了的位置及用法Word格式.docx

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1. 

Iftheobjectofasentenceisasimpleonei.e.anoun,whichisnotattachedtoanumber

andmeasureword,andnotattachedtoadescriptiveclause（的 

clause）, 

canbeplacedattheendofthesentence.Inthiscasetheparticle 

hasmanyfunctions:

itmayindicatethecompletedaction,orachangeofsituation,itmayalsoindicateanimminentaction.

s. 

v. 

o. 

le

wŏmenchī 

fà

n 

我 

们 

吃 

饭 

了.

WE 

EAT 

MEALLE

We 

haveeaten.. 

[Completedaction]

Nowweareeating. 

（Wedidn'

teatbefore.）[Changeofsituation]

Weareabouttoeat. 

（我 

要 

了.）

3.IsitincorrectifIplace 

aftertheverbinasimple-objectsentence?

No,itisnotincorrect,butitseemsasifthesentenceisnotyetfinished.Itmaylooklikethefirstclauseofthe 

verb了...就...construction.Forexample（Alsoseepattern5.）,

tā 

chī 

n... 

（jiù

qù

kà

dià

nyĭng）

他 

... 

（就 

去 

看 

电 

影.）

LE 

MEAL... 

（JIUGO 

SEE 

FILM）

Afterhefinishesthemeal...（he'

llgotoseeafilm.）

4.CanIplace 

attheendofasentencethathasacomplexobject?

No.Iftheobjectofasentenceisacomplicatedone,i.e.itisprecededbyanumberwordandmeasureword,oradescriptiveclause, 

isplacedafterthemainverbofthesentence.

le 

num. 

mw. 

o.

chī 

liăng 

wăn 

fà

两 

碗 

饭.

LE 

TWO 

BOWLS 

RICE

Hehaseatentwobowlsofrice.

5.WhereshouldIplace 

ifasentencehasatimemeasure?

Ifanactionisattachedtoatimemeasure（e.g.,duration,lengthoftime）oranactionmeasure（e.g.,manytimes）, 

isplacedafterthemainverb.Thefollowingthreealternativepatternssharethesamefeature,thatis,theyhave 

afterthemainverbs.

letm.（am.） 

de 

（le）

HE

xué

leliăngniá

zhōngwé

学 

年 

的 

中 

文 

（了*）

STUDY 

YEAR 

DE 

CHINESE 

（LE）

HestudiedChinesefor2years.

tm.（am.） 

xué

leliăngniăn（le） 

（了）

o. 

v. 

zhōngwé

nà

gedià

nyĭngwŏ

那个 

影 

liăngniăn 

kà

nle 

liăngbià

遍 

（了**）

Ihavewatchedthatfilmtwice.

shì

wŭniá

nqiá

ndeshì

wŏmen 

duō 

niá

lăopé

ngyoule

那 

是五 

前 

事 

了. 

我们 

是 

多 

老 

朋 

友 

THATISFIVEYEARAGODEMATTERLE 

WE 

AREMANYYEARS 

OLDFRIEND 

LE

Thatincidenthappened5yearsago 

Wehavebeenoldfriendformanyyears.

6.Isatimemeasureplacedafter 

inanegativesentence?

No,negativesentencesofthiskindarenormallyinadifferentwordorder.Thetime-measureshouldbeplacedbeforethenegation没.Forinstance,ifyouwanttosay:

"

Ihaven'

teatenChinesefoodforages."

Itshouldbeinthefollowingwordorder:

tm. 

neg. 

wŏ 

我

I 

hăojiŭ 

好 

久 

LONGTIME 

mé

没

NOT 

zhōngguó

cà

i 

国 

菜 

了

EAT 

FOOD 

Ihaven’teatenChinesefoodforalongtime.

7.DoIhavetoputthetime-measuresbefore 

没 

inallnegativesentences?

No.Ifyouwanttodenyanaffirmativestatementwhichhasatime-measure,thenthetime-measureshouldbeplacedafterthemainverb.

neg. 

wŏmé

ixué

sānniá

nzhōngwé

n, 

wŏzhĭ 

n

文, 

只学 

年.

NOT 

LEARN 

3 

CHINESE, 

I 

ONLY 

LEARNLE 

2 

YEAR）

Ididn'

tlearnChinesefor3years,Ionlydidfor2years. 

8.DoIhavetoput 

aftereveryverbinasentence,ifthesentencehasasequenceofactions?

Ifasequenceofactionsinthesentencearecompleted, 

isusuallyplacedafterthelastverbofthesentence.

s. 

v.1 

o.1 

v.2 

（tm. 

） 

o.2

GO 

CHINA 

sì

jīngjù

四 

京 

剧

FOURYEAR 

PEKINGOPERA 

HewenttoChinatostudyPekingoperafor4years.

măi 

cí

qì

了瓷器

CHINA

HewenttoChinaandboughtsomeChina.

Ifyouleave 

attheendofsentences,itnormallyindicatesachangeofthesituation.Let'

scomparethefollowingtwosentences:

1.（Completedaction） 

tāqù

lezhōngwé

他去中 

了中 

文. 

HEGO 

STUDYLE 

CHINESE

HewenttoChinaandstudiedChinese.

2.（Changeofsituation） 

STUDYCHINESE 

HehasgonetoChinatostudyChinese.（He'

snothere）

9.DoIalwayshavetoplace 

afterthelastverbofasentencewhendescribingasequenceofactions?

No.Thereisanothersentencepattern,whichindicatessequenceofactions,butthefirstsequenceinthesentenceisconditional.Inthissentence 

pattern 

isplacedafterthefirstverbwhichisintheconditionalclause,andtheadverb 

就 

isplacedbeforethesecondverbofthesentence.Thiskindofconstructionhasasenseofurgency,whichmeansthattheactioninthe 

clausetakesplaceimmediatelyafterthecompletionofthefirstaction.

v.1le 

jiuv.2 

dà

ole 

jiù

zhăo 

pé

ngyou.

到 

找 

.

ARRIVELE 

JIU 

LOOKFORFRIEND

He'

lllookforfriendimmediatelyafterhearrivesinChina.

Asyoucansee,thatsentencedescribestheactioninfuture,butifyouplaceanother 

attheendofthesentence,thenitmeansthatbothactionshavetakenplace.

10.DoIalwayshavetouse 

toindicateacompletedaction?

No,notalways.Firstofall,theparticle 

forcompletedactionisnotusedinnegativesentences.Instead 

shouldbeplacedbeforethemainverbofthesentence.

s.mei 

mé

chīfà

n.

EATMEAL

Hedidn'

teatthemeal.

11.Apartfromthenegation,arethereanycircumstancesinwhich 

isnotused?

Inthefollowingsituationstheparticle 

forcompletedactionsisnotused.

1.了 

isnotusedforprolongedandregularactionsinthepast.Inotherwords,ifthesentencecontainswordssuchas 

每天,年年,常常... 

theparticle 

forthecompletedactionisnotused.

wŏyĭqiá

zà

izhōngguó

jiāoshū

我以 

在 

教 

书.

INTHEPAST 

IN 

CHINA 

TEACH

ItaughtinChinainthepast.

niá

wŏchá

ngchá

ng 

gēn 

wŏnǚ 

ngyou 

ndià

nyĭng

去年 

常 

跟 

女 

影.

LASTYEAR 

OFTEN 

WITHMYGIRLFRIEND 

GOSEE 

FILMS

LastyearIoftenwenttoseefilmswithmygirlfriend.

2. 

isnotusedinsentenceswhichhavemodalverbssuchas 

应该, 

得（dei）, 

可以, 

能, 

会, 

要, 

想,orforverbswhichindicatefeelingssuchas 

爱,喜欢, 

觉得, 

知道, 

愿意, 

肯.

zuó

tiān 

nĭ 

yīnggāi 

n 

昨天 

你 

应该 

他.

YESTERDAY 

YOU 

SHOULDGOSEEHIM

Youshould'

vegonetoseehimyesterday.

shí

nyĭqiá

hĕn 

xĭihuān 

făguó

i

十年 

以前 

她 

很 

喜 

欢 

法国 

菜.

TENYEARAGO 

VERY 

LIKE 

EATFRENCH 

FOOD

TenyearsagoshelikedeatingFrenchfoodverymuch.

3. 

isnotusedwhen 

是, 

在, 

有*arethemainverbsofsentences.

shà

ngxīnqī 

tā 

zà

bĕijīng

上 

星期 

北 

京.

LAST 

WEEK 

WAS（IN）BEIJING

HewasinBeijinglastweek.

yĭqiá

tā 

yŏu 

hĕn 

duō 

qiá

有 

钱.

BEFORE 

HE 

HAD 

MUCHMONEY

Inthepasthehadalotofmoney.

If 

（toposses）isusedasthemainverbofasentence, 

了（forcompletedaction）isnotused.However, 

canbeusediftheobjectofasentenceisanabstractonewhichhasanimplicationofaction,suchas“development”,“improvement” 

他的学习有了很大的进步. 

Hehasimprovedgreatlyinhisstudies.

4. 

isnotusedfordirectandindirectspeeches.

dir.speech 

tāwè

nwŏ:

"

nĭ 

yà

o 

qù

ma"

他问 

我:

吗?

HEASKME:

YOUWANT 

GOCHINA 

MA?

Yesterdayheaskedme:

WouldyouliketogotoChina?

indir.speech 

ma

昨 

天 

问 

吗.

YESTERDAY 

HEASK 

ME 

WANTGO 

MA

YesterdayheaskedmeifIwouldliketogotoChina.

Asyoucansee,inthesituationswhent