初级会计师网上报名系统Word格式.docx
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初级会计师网上报名系统Word格式.docx
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.Summarizethetwoviews(thatoftheauthorandthathecriticizes)inthefollowingpassageandthenwriteacommentary.Youranswershouldnotexceed1000words(50%)
AsianAmericanshaveincreasinglycometobeviewedasa“modelminority”.Butaretheyassuccessfulasclaimed?
Andforwhomaretheysupposedbemodel?
Themodelminoritythesisfirstsurfacedinthemid-1960swhenjournalistsbeganpublicizingthehigheducationalattainmentlevels,highmedianincomes,lowcrimerates,andabsenceofjuveniledelinquencyandmentalhealthproblemsamongAsianAmericans.Thispublicityservedanimportantpoliticalpurposeattheheightofthecivilrightsmovement:
proponentsofthethesiswereinfacttellingBlackandChicanoactiviststhattheyshouldfollowingexamplessetbyAsianAmericanswhoworkhardtopullthemselvesupbythebootstrapsinsteadofusing,militantproteststoobtaintheirrights.
Untiltoday,similarpoliticalrhetoriccanstillbeheard.Manypoliticiansandpunditsask:
“IfAsianAmericanscanmakeitwiththeirstressonhardworkandeducation,whycan’tAfricanAmericans?
”SuchcomparisonspitminoritiesagainsteachotherandgenerateAfricanAmericanresentmenttowardAsianAmericans.Thevictimsareblamedfortheirplight,ratherthanracismoraneconomythathasmademanyyoungAfrican-Americanworkerssuperfluous.
Withoutquestion,thesocioeconomicstatusofAsianAmericansasawholehasimprovedsincetheearly1940s.ThemedianfamilyincomeofAsianAmericansin1990($42,240)stoodabovethenationalaverage($35,225).AsianAmericanhouseholdsaremoreaffluentthananyotherracialorethnicgroupincludingWhites.AsianAmericansalsohaveanenviablerecordofeducationalachievement,withalmosttwicethenationalaverageofcollegegraduates.
Thefigures,however,canbemisleading.ThecelebrationofAsianAmericansuccesshasobscuredreality.
First,mostAsian-AmericansliveinCalifornia,HawaiiandNewYork–stateswithhigherincomesandhighercostsoflivingthanthenationalaverage.Thus,whileAsianAmericanslivingtheremayearnmore,theyalsohavetospendmore.Theso-calledhighearningsofAsian-AmericansrelativetoCaucasiansarereallydeceptive.Comparingfamilyincomesisevenmoretricky.SomeAsian-AmericangroupsdohavehigherfamilyincomesthanCaucasians.Buttheyhavemoreworkersperfamily.Forexample,in60%ofChineseAmericanfamilies(comparedtoonly51%amongtheUSpopulationasawhole),morethanonepersonworked,whichhelpstoaccountfortheirhigherfamilyincome.Ifpercapitaincome,ratherthanfamilyincome,hadbeenusedasthemeasure,thenChineseAmericansaremakingconsiderablylessthanthenationalaverage.
Second,adetailedstudyoftheSanFrancisco-OaklandStandardMetropolitanStatisticalAreashowedthatAsianAmericanswereunevenlydistributedintheeconomy.Professionalsclusteredinaccounting,dentistry,nursing,healthtechnology,andengineeringandwereunderrepresentedinlaw,teaching,administration,socialservices,andhigherlevelsofthemedicalprofessions.Managersweremorelikelytobeself-employedthanemployeesoflargefirms.Salespersonswereretailclerksbutseldombrokersorinsuranceagents.Clericalworkersweremostlyfileclerk,typists,orofficemachineoperators,andnotsecretariesorreceptionists.FewAsianAmericanheldjobsintheheavymachine,electrical,paper,chemical,orconstructionindustries.Mostfemaleoperativesweregarmentworkers.Inshort,AsianAmericanswereconcentratedinoccupationsthatdidnotpayaswellasotherjobsinthesameindustry.
Third,thelowunemploymentrateofAsianAmericans–anothermeasureoftenusedtodepicttheireconomicsuccess–merelycamouflageshighunderemployment.Waryofbeingonwelfare,manyAsianAmericanworkersapparentlywouldratherholdlow-paid,part-time,orseasonaljobsthanreceivepublicassistance.
Fourth,thehighlaborforceparticipationrateofAsianAmericanwomen–supposedlyasignoftheirreadyacceptancebyemployers–isinrealityareflectionofthefactthatmoreAsianAmericanwomenarecompelledtoworkbecausethemalemembersoftheirfamiliesearnsuchlowwages.ItistruethatworkingAsianAmericanwomenearnahighermedianincomethandowhiteworkingwomen,alargerpercentageofthemworkfulltime,whichhelpstodrivetheirmedianincomeupward.Butdespitetheirhigheducationallevel,theyreceivelowerreturnstotheireducationthandowhitewomen,whilethedisparitybetweentheirreturnsandthoseofwhitemenisevengreater.Inotherwords,theyarenotreceivingearningsthatarecommensuratewiththeiryearsofschooling.
Fifth,withregardtotheeducationalattainmentofAsianAmericans,thesizableinfluxofhighlyeducatedprofessionalsafter1965hasinflatedtheaverageyearsofschoolingcompleted。
Criticsofthemodelminoritystereotypepointoutthatthemostimportantconsiderationshouldnotbeeducationallevel,butreturnstoeducation,whichmoreclearlyrevealtheexistenceofdiscrimination.ForAsianAmericans,theirreturnsarestillnotonaparwiththosereceivedbywhitemen.Forexample,sincesomeAsianprofessionalshaven’tbeenabletofindprofessionaljobs,theyhaveboughtsmallbusinesses,therebyincreasingthenumberof“managers”intheAsianAmericans–particularlytheKoreanAmerican–population.In1988,morethanthree-quartersofKoreangreengrocers,thoseso-calledparagonsofbootstrapentrepreneurialism,cametoAmericawithacollegeeducation.Engineers,teachersoradministratorswhileinKorea,theybecameshopkeepersaftertheirarrival.Formanyofthem,thegreengroceryrepresentsdasheddreams,astepdownwardinstatus.Moreover,manyofthemoperateonlysmallmom-and-popstoreswithnopaidemployeesandverylowgrossearnings.Theyrunahighriskoffailureandworklonghours.Manyofthemcouldnotstayafloatereitnotfortheunpaidlabortheyextractfromtheirspouses,children,andotherrelatives.
Finallythe“modelminority”imagehomogenizesAsianAmericans,hidestheirdifferenceandobscuresthepovertyfoundwithintheirranks.Forexample,whilethousandsofVietnamese-Americanyoungpeopleattenduniversities,otherareonthestreets.TheyliveinmotelsandhangoutinpoolhallsinplaceslikeEastLosAngeles;
somejoingangs.HmongandMienrefugeesfromLaoshaveunemploymentratesthatreachashighas80percent.A1987Californiastudyshowedthat3outof10SoutheastAsianrefugeefamilieshadbeenonwelfarefor4to10years.Evenwithintherelativelysuccessfulgroups,suchasChineseAmericansandKoreanAmericans,thereareseriousproblemsanddifficulties.25%ofthepeopleinNewYorkCity’sChinatownlivedbelowthepovertylevelin1980,comparedwith17%ofthecity’spopulation.Some60%oftheworkersintheChinatownsofLosAngelesandSanFranciscocrowdedintolow-payingjobsingarmentfactoriesandrestaurants.ItisthesamewithKoreanAmericans.MostoftheKoreanimmigrantsdonotbecomeshopkeepers.Instead,manyfindthemselvestrappedasclerksingrocerystores,serviceworkersinrestaurants,seamstressesingarmentfactoriesandjanitorsinhotels.
Insum,mostAmericansknowtheir“success”or“superiority”islargelyamyth.TheyalsoseehowthecelebrationofAsian-Americansasa“modelminority”perpetuatestheirinequalityandexacerbatesrelationsbetweenthemandotherminorities,esp.African-Americans.
.Writeanessayononeoftheissuesbelow,usingrelevantreasonsand/orexamplestosupportyourviews.Youressayshouldbewritteninyourownwordsandshouldnotexceed1000words(50%)
Topic1:
Publicfiguressuchasactors,politicians,andathletesshouldexpectpeopletobeinterestedintheirprivatelives.Whentheyseekapublicrole,theyshouldexpectthattheywillloseatleastsomeoftheirprivacy.
Topic2:
Aslongaspeopleinasocietyarehungryoroutofworkorlackthebasicskillsneededtosurvive,theuseofpublicresourcestosupporttheartsisinappropriate–and,perhaps,evencruel–whenoneconsidersallthepotentialusesofsuchmoney.
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北京外国语大学
2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语基础测试(技能)(样题)
Part
GRAMMAR(30Points)
A、CorrectErrors
Thepassagecontainstenerrors.Eachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofoneerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowingway:
Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.
Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha∧andwritethewordwhichyoubelieveismissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.
Foranunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash/andputtheword
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