DisabilityWikipedia the free encyclopediaWord格式.docx
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DisabilityWikipedia the free encyclopediaWord格式.docx
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dis"
qualifierdenotes)inhumansmaybephysical,cognitive/mental,sensory,emotional,developmentalorsomecombinationofthese.
Animpairmentisaprobleminbodyfunctionorstructure;
anactivitylimitationisadifficultyencounteredbyanindividualinexecutingataskoraction;
whileaparticipationrestrictionisaproblemexperiencedbyanindividualininvolvementinlifesituations.Thusdisabilityisacomplexphenomenon,reflectinganinteractionbetweenfeaturesofaperson’sbodyandfeaturesofthesocietyinwhichheorshelives."
[1]
Anindividualmayalsoqualifyasdisabledifhe/shehashadanimpairmentinthepastorisseenasdisabledbasedonapersonalorgroupstandardornorm.Suchimpairmentsmayincludephysical,sensory,andcognitiveordevelopmentaldisabilities.Mentaldisorders(alsoknownaspsychiatricorpsychosocialdisability)andvarioustypesofchronicdiseasemayalsoqualifyasdisabilities.
Someadvocatesobjecttodescribingcertainconditions(notablydeafnessandautism)as"
disabilities"
arguingthatitismoreappropriatetoconsiderthemdevelopmentaldifferencesthathavebeenunfairlystigmatizedbysociety.[citationneeded]
Adisabilitymayoccurduringaperson'
slifetimeormaybepresentfrombirth.
[edit]Typesofdisability
Disabilityiscausedbyimpairmentstovarioussubsystemsofthebody-thesecanbebroadlysortedintothefollowingcategories.
[edit]Physicaldisability
Mainarticle:
Physicaldisability
Anyimpairmentwhichlimitsthephysicalfunctionoflimbsorfineorgrossmotorabilityisaphysicaldisability.Otherphysicaldisabilitiesincludeimpairmentswhichlimitotherfacetsofdailyliving,suchasseveresleepapnea.
[edit]Sensorydisability
Sensorydisabilitiesrelatemainlytosightandhearing.Theinabilitytosmellortasteisrelativelyrarerandisnotalwaysconsidereredtobeadisability.Othersensoryimpairmentssuchasoftheskinsenses,thesensingoftouch,heat,coldorpainalsoexistandarecommonlyassociatedwithphysicaldisabilitiesinvolvingparalysis.
[edit]Visualimpairment
Visualimpairment
Visualimpairment(orvisionimpairment)isvisionloss(ofaperson)tosuchadegreeastoqualifyasanadditionalsupportneedthroughasignificantlimitationofvisualcapabilityresultingfromeitherdisease,trauma,orcongenitalordegenerativeconditionsthatcannotbecorrectedbyconventionalmeans,suchasrefractivecorrection,medication,orsurgery.[2][3][4]Thisfunctionallossofvisionistypicallydefinedtomanifestwith
1.bestcorrectedvisualacuityoflessthan20/60,orsignificantcentralfielddefect,
2.significantperipheralfielddefectincludinghomonymousorheteronymousbilateralvisual,fielddefectorgeneralizedcontractionorconstrictionoffield,or
3.reducedpeakcontrastsensitivitywitheitheroftheaboveconditions.[2][3][4][5]
[edit]Hearingimpairment
Hearingimpairment
Hearingimpairmentorhardofhearingordeafnessreferstoconditionsinwhichindividualsarefullyorpartiallyunabletodetectorperceiveatleastsomefrequenciesofsoundwhichcantypicallybeheardbymostpeople.Mildhearinglossmaysometimesnotbeconsideredadisability.
[edit]Olfactoryandgustatoryimpairment
Impairmentofthesenseofsmellandtastearecommonlyassociatedwithagingbutcanalsooccurinyoungerpeopleduetoawidevarietyofcauses.
Furtherinformation:
Olfaction#Disorders_of_olfaction
Thereareawidevarietyofolfactorydisorders:
∙Anosmia–inabilitytosmell
∙Dysosmia–thingssmelldifferentthantheyshould
∙Hyperosmia–anabnormallyacutesenseofsmell.
∙Hyposmia–decreasedabilitytosmell
∙OlfactoryReferenceSyndrome–psychologicaldisorderwhichcausesthepatienttoimaginehehasstrongbodyodor
∙Parosmia–thingssmellworsethantheyshould
∙Phantosmia–"
hallucinatedsmell,"
oftenunpleasantinnature
Taste#Disorders_of_taste
Completelossofthesenseoftasteisknownasageusia,whiledysgeusiaispersistentabnormalsenseoftaste,
[edit]Somatosensoryimpairment
Somatosensorydisorder
Insensitivitytostimulisuchastouch,heat,cold,andpainareoftenanadjuncttoamoregeneralphysicalimpairmentinvolvingneuralpathwaysandisverycommonlyassociatedwithparalysis(inwhichthemotorneuralcircuitsarealsoaffected).
[edit]Balancedisorder
Balancedisorder
Abalancedisorderisadisturbancethatcausesanindividualtofeelunsteady,forexamplewhenstandingorwalking.Itmaybeaccompaniedbysymptomsofbeinggiddy,woozy,orhaveasensationofmovement,spinning,orfloating.Balanceistheresultofseveralbodysystemsworkingtogether.Theeyes(visualsystem),ears(vestibularsystem)andthebody'
ssenseofwhereitisinspace(proprioception)needtobeintact.Thebrain,whichcompilesthisinformation,needstobefunctioningeffectively.
[edit]Intellectualdisability
Intellectualdisability
Intellectualdisabilityisabroadconceptthatrangesfrommentalretardationtocognitivedeficitstoomildortoospecific(asinspecificlearningdisability)toqualifyasmentalretardation.Intellectualdisabilitiesmayappearatanyage.Mentalretardationisasubtypeofintellectualdisability,andthetermintellectualdisabilityisnowpreferredbymanyadvocatesinmostEnglish-speakingcountriesasaeuphemismformentalretardation.
[edit]Mentalhealthandemotionaldisabilities
Mentaldisorder
Amentaldisorderormentalillnessisapsychologicalorbehavioralpatterngenerallyassociatedwithsubjectivedistressordisabilitythatoccursinanindividual,andwhicharenotapartofnormaldevelopmentorculture.Therecognitionandunderstandingofmentalhealthconditionshaschangedovertimeandacrosscultures,andtherearestillvariationsinthedefinition,assessment,andclassificationofmentaldisorders,althoughstandardguidelinecriteriaarewidelyaccepted.
[edit]Developmentaldisability
Developmentaldisability
Developmentaldisabilityisanydisabilitythatresultsinproblemswithgrowthanddevelopment.Althoughthetermisoftenusedasasynonymoreuphemismforintellectualdisability,thetermalsoencompassesmanycongenitalmedicalconditionsthathavenomentalorintellectualcomponents,forexamplespinabifida.
[edit]Sociologyofdisability
Disabilitystudies
[edit]"
Handicap"
Somepeoplewithdisabilitiesdonotliketheterm"
handicap"
becauseofabeliefthatitoriginallymeantsomeonewhocouldnotworkandwentbeggingwiththeircapinhand.This,howeverisnotthetrueoriginoftheword.Itoriginatedinalotterygameknownashand-in-capinthe17thcenturywhichinvolvedplayersplacingmoneyinacap.Itmovedlaterintohorseracingwhereitmeantbringingthestrongestcompetitorsbacktothefieldbygivingthemextraweighttocarry.Ingolf,itbecamethenumberofstrokesaplayercouldsubtractfromhisscoretogivehimachanceagainstbetterplayers,soabiggerhandicapisactuallyanadvantageingolf.Onlyin1915diditbecomeatermtodescribedisabledpeople,whenitwasusedtodescribecrippledchildren.[6]
[edit]People-firstlanguage
People-firstlanguage
TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationstyleguidestatesthat,whenidentifyingapersonwithanimpairment,theperson'
snameorpronounshouldcomefirst,anddescriptionsoftheimpairment/disabilityshouldbeusedsothattheimpairmentisidentified,butisnotmodifyingtheperson.Improperexamplesare"
aborderline"
"
ablindperson"
or"
anautisticboy"
;
moreacceptableterminologyincludes"
awomanwithDownsyndrome"
or"
amanwhohasschizophrenia"
.Italsostatesthataperson'
sadaptiveequipmentshouldbedescribedfunctionallyassomethingthatassistsaperson,notassomethingthatlimitsaperson,e.g."
awomanwhousesawheelchair"
ratherthan"
awomanin/confinedtoawheelchair."
Asimilarkindof"
people-first"
terminologyisalsousedintheUK,butmoreoftenintheform"
peoplewithimpairments"
(e.g."
peoplewithvisualimpairments"
).However,intheUK,theterm"
disabledpeople"
isgenerallypreferredto"
peoplewithdisabilities"
.Itisarguedunderthesocialmodelthatwhilesomeone'
simpairment(e.g.havingaspinalcordinjury)isanindividualproperty,"
disability"
issomethingcreatedbyexternalsocietalfactorssuchasalackofwheelchairaccesstotheworkplace.[7]Thisdistinctionbetweentheindividualpropertyofimpairmentandthesocialpropertyofdisabilityiscentraltothesocialmodel.Theterm"
asapoliticalconstructionisalsowidelyusedbyinternationalorganisationsofdisabledpeople,suchasDisabledPeoples'
International(DPI).
[edit]Literature
Manybooksondisabilityanddisabilityrightspointoutthat"
disabled"
isanidentitythatoneisnotnecessarilybornwith,asdisabilitiesaremoreoftenacquiredthancongenital.SomedisabilityrightsactivistsuseanacronymTAB,"
TemporarilyAble-Bodied"
asareminderthatmanypeoplewilldevelopdisabilitiesatsomepointintheirlivesduetoaccidents,illness(physical,mentaloremotional),orlate-emergingeffectsofgenetics.[dubious–discuss][citationneeded]
[edit]Masculinity
AccordingtoauthorDanielJ.Wilson,thecharacteristicsofma
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