语言学Word文件下载.docx
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语言学Word文件下载.docx
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▪languageasasystemofsigns:
thesignasaunionofthesignifierandthesignified
▪nonaturalorinevitableconnectionbetweenthesignifierandthesignified
▪anarbitrarywayoforganizingtheworldintoconceptsandcategories
▪twoimportantcharacteristicsoflinguisticsigns:
▪thearbitraryrelationbetweenthesignifierandthesignified
▪thelinearnatureofthesignified
LangueandParole
▪Langueisthesystemofalanguage
▪itiswhattheindividualassimilateswhenhelearnsalanguage;
▪itissocialandabstract;
▪Itenablesthemembersofaspeechcommunitytocommunicatelinguistically.
▪Paroleisactualspeech
▪itisindividualandconcrete;
▪itistherealizationofthelanguagesystem.
Distinctionbetweenlangueandparole
⏹separatewhatissocialfromwhatisindividualandwhatisessentialfromaccidental
⏹leadtothedistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology
⏹phoneticsstudiesspeechsoundsfromaphysicalpointofview
⏹phonologystudiesthefunctionalunitswithinthelinguisticsystem
⏹leadtothedistinctionbetweenutteranceandsentence
⏹anutteranceisaunitofparole
⏹asentenceisaunitoflangue.
SynchronicandDiachronicLinguistics
⏹Synchroniclinguistics:
concernedwithlanguageatonepointintime
⏹Diachroniclinguistics:
concernedwiththedevelopmentorevolutionoflanguage
⏹Distinctionbetweensynchronicanddiachronicstudy:
synchronicstudyisgivenpriority
⏹therecannotbelogicalcomparisonsordiachronicstudieswithoutsynchronicstudies
⏹notionoflanguagechangeshouldbecarefullyused
⏹thereisacloseconnectionbetweenthestudyofdiachronicchangeandsynchronicvariation
SyntagmaticandParadigmaticRelations
⏹Syntagmaticrelations:
⏹relationsalinguisticelemententersintowithotherelementsinaserialorlinearstructureinwritingorinthetemporalstreamofspeech
⏹relationsofcooccurrence
⏹relationsthatlinkthewholestructuretoitspartsandviceversa
⏹Paradigmaticrelations:
⏹relationsthatobtainbetweenelements
⏹Priorityisgiventoparadigmaticrelationsinmodernlinguistics.
Saussure’sContributionstoSemiotics
⏹Bethefirsttodefinethesymbolicnatureofhumanlanguage.
⏹Sign:
anintersectionorrelationshiporformandmeaning,whereformissomethingconcrete,andmeaningissomethingmentalorcognitive.
⏹Threetypesofsigns:
icon,index,andsymbol.
⏹Icon:
asignwhoseformhasactualcharacteristicsofitsmeaning;
⏹Index:
asignwhoseformhascharacteristicswhichareonlyassociatedinnaturewithitsmeaning;
⏹Symbol:
asignwhoseformisarbitrarilyorconventionallyassociatedwithitsmeaning.
Saussure’sContributionstoSemiotics
⏹withrespecttothestudyofthesyntacticandsemanticdimensionsoftexts
⏹arichworkinghypothesisdemonstratingthesystematiccharacteroflanguage(orliterature)ateachparticularperiodoflife
⏹Theapplicationofthetwocategoriesofparoleandlanguetoliterature
Questions:
1.WhatarethemaininfluencesofdeSaussureonmodernlinguistics?
2.Whatimplicaturescanyoudrawfromthedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole?
3.WhatarethemaindifferencesofthefocusofstudybetweenSaussure’sandHalliday’sintermsofsyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations?
4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?
Why?
ChapterTwo
EuropeanFunctionalism
ThePragueSchool
Introduction
♦oneofthemostinfluentialschoolsoflinguisticthoughtinpre-warlinguistics
♦theapproachtothestudyoflanguageasasynchronicsystem
♦theimportanceofthesocialfunctionoflanguage
♦threepointsareofspecialimportance:
–thesynchronicstudyoflanguage
–emphasisonthesystemiccharacteroflanguage
ContributionsofThePragueSchool
♦distinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology
–phoneticsbelongstoparole
–phonologybelongstolangue
–thenotionofthephonemeasanabstractunitofthesoundsystem
♦thefunctionalconceptionoflanguageasmanifestedintheanalysisofsentences
–Mathesius’sdistinctionbetweentheme&
rheme
•thetheme,whichisafactorfactsalreadyknown
•therheme,whichcontainsallthenewinformationtobetransmitted
–others’investigationofthefunctionsoflanguage
PhonologyandPhonologicalOppositions
♦Trubetzkov’sdistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology
♦Trubetzkov’snotionofphoneme
–ithasdiscriminativepower
–itcannotbeanalyzedintosmallersegments
–itcanonlybedeterminedbydistinctivefeatures
♦phonemesasbeingcomposedofanumberofphonologicallysignificantdistinctivefeatures
♦Trubetzkov’sninephonologicaloppositions:
–Bilateralopposition(双边对立)
–Multilateralopposition(多变对立)
–Proportionalopposition(均衡对立)
–Isolatedopposition(孤立对立)
–Privativeopposition(否定对立)
–Gradualopposition(分级对立)
–Equipollentopposition(等价对立)
–Neutralizableopposition(抵消对立)
–Constantopposition(永恒对立)
Trubetzkov’sContributionstoPhonologicalTheory
♦distinctivefunctionsofspeechsoundsandanaccuratedefinitionforthephoneme
♦thesphereofphonologicalstudies
♦theinterdependentrelationsbetweenphonemes
♦methodologiesforphonologicalstudies
Jokobson’sConceptofDistinctiveFeatures
♦Thedistinctivefeaturesareexplicitlyregardedasbinarychoicesandhencetheycouldbelistedaspairedoppositions,e.g.‘vocality’v.‘consonantality’,‘vocality’v.‘non-vocality’.
♦Thesefeaturesweredefinedwithreferencenotonlytoarticulatorypositionsbutalsotoacousticpropertiesofspeech-sounds.
♦Itwashopedthattheproposedlistofdistinctivefeatureswouldbeuniversal.
FunctionalSentencePerspective(FSP)
♦InterestsinFSP:
–Mathesius(1924,1939)
–Firbas(1960’s)
–Halliday(1967,1968,1970)
♦DefinitionandscopeofFSP:
–ananalysisofutterancesortextsintermsoftheinformationtheycontain
–theeffectofthedistributionofknown(orgiven)informationandnewinformationindiscourse.
♦Firbas’snotionofCommunicativeDynamism(CD):
–Linguisticcommunicationisnotastaticbutadynamicphenomenon.
–CDismeanttomeasuretheamountofinformationanelementcarriesinasentence(e.g.Hewasangry.)
–Thevariouselementsofanutteranceisthoughttohavevaryingdegreesofcommunicativedynamism.
Firbas:
conceptof“context”
♦区分了四种语境:
–交际双方共有的经验知识(一般语境);
–语言交际正在进行时的直接语境(范围稍窄);
–刚刚出现的上文(范围更窄);
–句子本身(范围最窄,“语境依赖”指的是这种语境)。
ThematicProgressioninDiscourse
♦Danes(1974)suggeststhatthemehastwofunctions:
–Connectingbackandlinkingintothepreviousdiscourse
–Servingasapointofdepartureforthefurtherdevelopmentofthediscourse
♦Danes(1974)proposesthreemaintypesofthematicprogression(TP):
–SimplelinearTP
–TPwithacontinuous(constant)theme
–TPwithderivedTs
思考题
♦布拉格学派最明显的特点是什么?
♦布拉格学派对功能语言学的发展有哪些贡献?
♦布拉格学派与美国结构主义有哪些区别?
FrenchFunctionalism
♦Function:
–theidentification&
classificationoflinguisticunits
–thedescriptionoflinguisticstructure
–theexplanationofscopeandregularitiesoflanguagechange
♦Twotypesoffunction:
–thefunctionlanguageinhumaninteraction
–thefunctionalinguisticunitincontrasttootherunitsateachlevelofanalysis
♦Principleofeconomy
–theneedsofcommunication
–humaninertia
HollandFunctionalism:
SimonDik’sFunctionalGrammar:
♦Afunctionalviewoflanguage:
–ittakesafunctionalviewoflanguage;
–itattachesprimaryimportancetofunctionalrelationsatdifferentlevelsintheorganizationofgrammar;
–itwishestobepracticallyapplicabletotheanalysisofdiverseaspectsoflanguageandlanguageuse.
♦Threetypesorlevelsoffunction:
–Semanticfunction(Agent,Goal,Recipient,etc.),whichdefinetherolesthatparticipantsplayinstatesofaffairs,asdesignatedbypredications.
–Syntacticfunctions(Subject,Object,etc.),whichdefinedifferentperspectivesthroughwhichstatesofaffairsarepresentedinlinguisticexpressions.
–Pragmaticfunctions(ThemeandTail,TopicandFocus),whichdefinestheinformationalstatusofconstituentsoflinguisticexpressionsasusedingivensettings.
ChapterThree
TheAmericanStructuralism
AmericanlinguisticsbeforeTGgrammar
⏹FranzBoas(1858-1942):
recordedanddescribedmanyAmericanIndianlanguagesanddevelopedawholesetofproceduresandtechniquesfortheirinvestigation.
⏹EdwardSapir(1884-1939):
expandedanddevelopedthistradition.
⏹LeonardBloomfield(1887-1949):
whowasthefiguremostcloselyassociatedwithdistinguishinganddevelopingastructuralistapproach.
PropertiesofAmericanStructuralism
⏹Languageasastructureoflevelsandinterrelatedpartsinsteadofanunanalysablecontinuum.
⏹Linguisticdescriptionhastobeobjectivedealingwithfactsphysicallymanifested.
⏹Segmentationandclassificationastheprincipaltechniquesofanalysisanddescription.
⏹Structuralistthinkingassociatedwithbehaviouristpsychology.
⏹Rel
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