专题十三 主旨大意.docx
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专题十三 主旨大意.docx
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专题十三主旨大意
专题十三 主旨大意
挖命题
【考情探究】
考点
内容
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
合计
预测热度
主旨
大意
此题型主要考查考生在理解全文后归纳文章或段落要点,概括中心思想的能力。
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分析解读 从近几年江苏高考英语试题来看,对于主旨大意题的赋值相对稳定,但考查深度、难度却不断加大。
解题时需对文章的主旨大意进行综合、归纳、推断后方可得出正确答案。
因此,考生需要学会分析文章的篇章结构,抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论句,从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。
过专题
【五年高考】
A组 自主命题·江苏卷题组
Passage1(2016江苏,D)词数:
720
Notsolongago,mostpeopledidn’tknowwhoShelly-AnnFraser-Prycewasgoingtobecome.Shewasjustanaveragehighschoolathlete.TherewaseveryindicationthatshewasjustanotherJamaicanteenagerwithoutmuchofafuture.However,onepersonwantedtochangethis.StephenFrancisobservedtheneighteen-year-oldShelly-Annatatrackmeetandwasconvincedthathehadseenthebeginningsoftruegreatness.Hertimeswerenotexactlyimpressive,butevenso,hesensedtherewassomethingtryingtogetout,somethingtheothercoacheshadoverlookedwhentheyhadassessedherandfoundherlacking.HedecidedtoofferShelly-Annaplaceinhisverystricttrainingsessions.Theircooperationquicklyproducedresults,andafewyearslateratJamaica’sOlympictrialsinearly2008,Shelly-Ann,whoatthattimeonlyrankednumber70intheworld,beatJamaica’sunchallengedqueenofthesprint(短跑).
“Wheredidshecomefrom?
”askedanastonishedsprintingworld,beforeconcludingthatshemustbeoneofthoseone-hitwondersthatspringupfromtimetotime,onlytodisappearagainwithoutsigns.ButShelly-Annwastoprovethatshewasanythingbutaone-hitwonder.AttheBeijingOlympicsshesweptawayanydoubtsaboutherabilitytoperformconsistentlybybecomingthefirstJamaicanwomanevertowinthe100metresOlympicgold.ShediditagainoneyearonattheWorldChampionshipsinBerlin,becomingworldchampionwithatimeof10.73—thefourthfastesttimeever.
Shelly-Annisalittlewomanwithabigsmile.Shehasamentaltoughnessthatdidnotcomeaboutbychance.Herjourneytobecomingthefastestwomanonearthhasbeenanythingbutsmoothandeffortless.ShegrewupinoneofJamaica’stoughestinner-citycommunitiesknownasWaterhouse,whereshelivedinaone-roomapartment,sleepingfourinabedwithhermotherandtwobrothers.Waterhouse,oneofthepoorestcommunitiesinJamaica,isareallyviolentandoverpopulatedplace.SeveralofShelly-Ann’sfriendsandfamilywerecaughtupinthekillings;oneofhercousinswasshotdeadonlyafewstreetsawayfromwhereshelived.Sometimesherfamilydidn’thaveenoughtoeat.Sheranattheschoolchampionshipsbarefootedbecauseshecouldn’taffordshoes.HermotherMaxime,oneofafamilyoffourteen,hadbeenanathleteherselfasayounggirlbut,likesomanyothergirlsinWaterhouse,hadtostopaftershehadherfirstbaby.Maxime’searlyentryintotheadultworldwithitsresponsibilitiesgaveherthedeterminationtoensurethatherkidswouldnotendupinWaterhouse’sroundaboutofpoverty.OneofthefirstthingsMaximeusedtodowithShelly-Annwastakinghertothetrack,andshewasreadytosacrificeeverything.
Itdidn’ttakelongforShelly-AnntorealizethatsportscouldbeherwayoutofWaterhouse.OnasummereveninginBeijingin2008,allthoselong,hardhoursofworkandcommitmentfinallyborefruit.Thebarefootkidwhojustafewyearspreviouslyhadbeenlivinginpoverty,surroundedbycriminalsandviolence,hadwrittenanewchapterinthehistoryofsports.
ButShelly-Ann’svictorywasfargreaterthanthat.ThenightshewonOlympicgoldinBeijing,theroutinemurdersinWaterhouseandthedrugwarsintheneighbouringstreetsstopped.Thedarkcloudaboveoneoftheworld’stoughestcriminalneighbourhoodssimplydisappearedforafewdays.“Ihavesomuchfireburningformycountry,”Shellysaid.SheplanstostartafoundationforhomelesschildrenandwantstobuildacommunitycentreinWaterhouse.ShehopestoinspiretheJamaicanstolaydowntheirweapons.Sheintendstofighttomakeitawoman’saswellasaman’sworld.
AsMuhammadAliputsit,“Championsaren’tmadeingyms.Championsaremadefromsomethingtheyhavedeepinsidethem.Adesire,adream,avision.”OneofthethingsShelly-Anncanbeproudofisherunderstandingofthistruth.
1.WhydidStephenFrancisdecidetocoachShelly-Ann?
A.Hehadastrongdesiretofreeherfamilyfromtrouble.
B.Hesensedagreatpotentialinherdespiteherweaknesses.
C.Shehadbigproblemsmaintainingherperformance.
D.Shesufferedalotofdefeatsattheprevioustrackmeets.
2.WhatdidthesprintingworldthinkofShelly-Annbeforethe2008OlympicGames?
A.Shewouldbecomeapromisingstar.
B.Shebadlyneededtosethighergoals.
C.Hersprintingcareerwouldnotlastlong.
D.Hertalentforsprintingwasknowntoall.
3.WhatmadeMaximedecidetotrainherdaughteronthetrack?
A.Hersuccessandlessonsinhercareer.
B.HerinterestinShelly-Ann’squickprofit.
C.HerwishtogetShelly-Annoutofpoverty.
D.Herearlyentranceintothesprintingworld.
4.WhatcanweinferfromShelly-Ann’sstatementunderlinedinParagraph5?
A.Shewashighlyrewardedforherefforts.
B.Shewaseagertodomoreforhercountry.
C.Shebecameanathleticstarinhercountry.
D.Shewastheenvyofthewholecommunity.
5.BymentioningMuhammadAli’swords,theauthorintendstotellusthat .
A.playersshouldbehighlyinspiredbycoaches
B.greatathletesneedtoconcentrateonpatience
C.hardworkisnecessaryinone’sachievements
D.motivationallowsgreatathletestobeonthetop
6.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?
A.TheMakingofaGreatAthlete
B.TheDreamforChampionship
C.TheKeytoHighPerformance
D.ThePowerofFullResponsibility
答案
1.B 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.A
Passage2(2015江苏,B)词数:
391
IntheUnitedStatesalone,over100millioncell-phonesarethrownawayeachyear.Cell-phonesarepartofagrowingmountainofelectronicwastelikecomputersandpersonaldigitalassistants.Theelectronicwastestreamisincreasingthreetimesfasterthantraditionalgarbageasawhole.
Electronicdevicescontainvaluablemetalssuchasgoldandsilver.ASwissstudyreportedthatwhiletheweightofelectronicgoodsrepresentedbypreciousmetalswasrelativelysmallincomparisontototalwaste,theconcentration(含量)ofgoldandotherpreciousmetalswashigherinso-callede-wastethaninnaturallyoccurringminerals.
Electronicwastesalsocontainmanypoisonousmetals.Evenwhenthemachinesarerecycledandtheharmfulmetalsremoved,therecyclingprocessofteniscarriedoutinpoorcountries,inpracticallyuncontrolledwayswhichallowmanypoisonoussubstancestoescapeintotheenvironment.
Creatingproductsoutofrawmaterialscreatesmuchmorewastematerial,upto100timesmore,thanthematerialcontainedinthefinishedproducts.Consideragainthecell-phone,andimaginetheminesthatproducedthosemetals,thefactoriesneededtomaketheboxandpackaging(包装)itcamein.Manywastesproducedintheproducingprocessareharmfulaswell.
TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencynotesthatmostwasteisdangerousinthat“theproduction,distribution,anduseofproducts—aswellasmanagementoftheresultingwaste—allresultingreenhousegasrelease.”Individualscanreducetheircontributionbycreatinglesswasteatthestart—forinstance,buyingreusableproductsandrecycling.
Inmanycountriestheconceptofextendedproducerresponsibilityisbeingconsideredorhasbeenputinplaceasanincentive(动机)forreducingwaste.Ifproducersarerequiredtotakebackpackagingtheyusetoselltheirproducts,wouldtheyreducethepackaginginthefirstplace?
Governments’incentivetorequireproducerstotakeresponsibilityforthepackagingtheyproduceisusuallybasedonmoney.Why,theyask,shouldcitiesortownsberesponsibleforpayingtodealwiththebubblewrap(气泡垫)thatencasedyourtelevision?
Fromthegovernments’pointofview,aprimarygoaloflawsrequiringextendedproducerresponsibilityistotransferboththecostsandthephysicalresponsibilityofwastemanagementfromthegovernmentandtax-payersbacktotheproducers.
1.BymentioningtheSwissstudy,theauthorintendstotellusthat .
A.theweightofe-goodsisrathersmall
B.e-wastedeservestobemadegooduseof
C.naturalmineralscontainmorepreciousmetals
D.thepercentageofpreciousmetalsisheavyine-waste
2.Theresponsibilityofe-wastetreatmentshouldbeextended .
A.fromproducerstogovernments
B.fromgovernmentstoproducers
C.fromindividualstodistributors
D.fromdistributorstogovernments
3.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?
A.Theincreaseine-waste.
B.Thecreationofe-waste.
C.Theseriousnessofe-waste.
D.Themanagementofe-waste.
答案
1.B 2.B 3.D
Passage3(2014江苏,C)词数:
351
Mostdamagingly,angerweakensaperson’sabilitytothinkclearlyandkeepcontroloverhisbehaviour.Theangrypersonlosesobjectivityinevaluatingtheemotionalsignificanceofthepersonorsituationthatarouseshisanger.
Noteveryoneexperiencesangerinthesameway;whatangersonepersonmayamuseanother.Thespecificexpressionofangeralsodiffersfrompersontopersonbasedonbiologicalandculturalforces.Incontemporaryculture,physicalexpressionsofangeraregenerallyconsideredtoosociallyharmfultobetolerated.Wenolongerregardduels(决斗)asanappropriateexpressionofangerresultingfromoneperson’sawarenessofinsultingbehaviouronthepartofanother.
Angercanbeidentifiedinthebrain,wheretheelectricalactivitychanges.Undermostconditions,EEG(脑电图)measuresofelectricalactivityshowbalancedactivitybetweentherightandleftprefrontal(额叶前部)areas.Behaviourallythiscorrespondstothegeneraleven-handeddisposition(意向)thatmostofuspossessmostofthetime.B
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