定语从句1.docx
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定语从句1.docx
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定语从句1
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
(定语从句的概念:
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面.)
关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等,绝对没有what
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,who作主语指人,whom作宾语指人,that既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略),可以指人也可以指物。
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,作宾语时可以省略,关系词常有3个作用:
①连接作用,引导定语从句。
②代替主句中的先行词,甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。
③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。
注:
关系代词有主语、宾语之分。
一般whom作为宾语。
关系代词在从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语等,关系副词在从句中作地点状语,时间状语,原因状语等。
that指人时相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。
在定语从句中做主语,表语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.每年来这座城市观光的游客数目上升了100万。
Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?
Thewomanthatburstoutoftheroomjustnowwasangrywithyou.
Thisisthenovelthatinterestsme.
ThemagazinethatIboughtyesterdayislost.
Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.
Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.
TheUnitedStatesisacountrywhichhasashorthistory.
Ihavelostthebookwhichyoulentmeyesterday.
ThisisthehouseinwhichIoncelived.
Prosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.(which/that在从句中作主语)
Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.
who指人在从句中做主语
(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.
(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.
Themanwhoistalkingwithmyfatherisapoliceman.
Adoctorisaperson‖wholooksafterpeople'shealth
whom指人
在定语从句中充当宾语,常省略。
(注:
who和whom已无太大区别,基本可以通用。
区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以,whom前可以加介词如towhom,但是who不可以)
(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedwithonthebus.
(2)Mr.Lingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.
(3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.
注意:
关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。
如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如:
Heisthemanwhom/whoItalkto.他就是那个和我聊天的男人.
Heisthedoctortowhomyourmotherspoke.(做介词的宾语只能用whom,且不可省去。
不用who.)
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如:
HeisthemanwhohasanEnglishbook.
Theprofessor(who/whom)youwishtoseehasgoneabroad.
Heisthedoctortowhomyourmotherspoke.
(1)Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?
(who/that在从句中作主语)
(2)Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
(3)ThemanwhomyouspoketojustnowisourEnglishteacher
2,Whose用来指人或物
(在定语从句中做定语,表所有。
若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换,指人的时候也可以用ofwhom代替)
(1)Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
(2)Pleasepassmethebookwhosecolor(thecolorofwhich)isgreen. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
(3)Themanwhosesonisadoctorisourprofessor.那个儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如:
HeisthemanwhohasanEnglishbook.他就是那个有英语书的男人.
(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.他有一个朋友的父亲是医生.
(2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.我曾经住在一座现在已经倒塌的房子中.
whose指物时通常以以下结构来代替
(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.那个门被打破的教室不久会被修复。
(4)Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.教室的门,被打破不久就会被修复。
Doyoulikethebookwhosecolorisyellow?
Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?
Doyoulikethebookofwhichthecolorisyellow?
二.难点分析
(一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1、当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much,each等修饰时,这时的that常被省略
Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.
Haveyoutakendowneverything(that)Mr.Lihassaid?
Thereseemstobenothing(that)seemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.
Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil
Thereislittle(that)Icandoforyou.
注意1:
部分时候that可以省略,如部分例句将that用括号括住。
注意2:
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
Anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.
2、当先行词被序数词修饰
ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetsomefood.
3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.
4、当形容词被thevery,theonly,thesame,thelast,any,little等修饰时
Thatistheonlythingthatwecandonow.
ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy,
Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting?
5、当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时
Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
Whoisthewomanthattalkedwithyoujustnow?
Whothatbreakthewindowshouldbepunished.
WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?
WhichisthecarthatwasmadeinBeijing.
6、当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时
Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheysawinthefactory.
Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?
7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语
Chinaisnotthecountrythatsheusedtobe.
Thevillageisnolongertheonethatitusedtobe10yearsago.
8.当在therebe句型中,通常情况下用that,不用which
10.先行词指物,在主句中作表语时.
Isthisthebookthatyouborrowedinthelibrary?
11.先行词是theway或thereason时,that可作关系副词,也可省略
Idonotliketheway(that)youspoketoher.
12.如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用了which,另一个关系代词宜用that
13.不是任何时刻关系词作主语宾语是能用that
先行词为one时;
14在therebe句型中,句子的主语是先行词,而且又是物
15以hereis开头的句子
16Itisahightime+定语从句
17在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错)Thetree,whichisfourhundredyearsold,Isveryfamoushere.
18介词后不能用。
Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.
Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.
关系副词
关系副词:
在句中作状语
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=forwhich
where=in/at/on/...which(介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/on/in/...which(介词同先行词搭配)
1.where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句。
ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.
ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.
2.when引导定语从句表示时间[注]值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导。
IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.
Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.
BythetimewhenyouarrivedinLondon,wehadstayedtherefortwoweeks.
IstillrememberthefirsttimewhenImether.
Eachtimewhenhegoestobusinesstrip,hebringsalotoflivingnecessities,suchastowels,soap,toothbrushetc。
每一次他去出差,他带来了生活必需品,如毛巾,肥皂,牙刷等其他东西。
3.当从句的逻辑主语是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,everything或nothing时,常用thereis开头
Thereissomebodyherewhowantstospeaktoyou.这里有人要和你说话。
why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语
Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.
Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.
注意:
关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,
(2)Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.
介词后面的关系代词不能省略。
that前不能有介词。
3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when,where和why互换。
ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.
ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.
Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?
Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?
Thisisthereasonwhyhecamelate.
Thisisthereasonforwhichhecamelate.
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时
从句常由介词+关系代词引导
当介词放在关系代词前面时,关系代词只能用which/whom即“介词+which/whom"且不能省略。
但当介词位于末尾时可用that/which/who/whom.作介词的宾语,且可以省略。
例如:
(1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous."that/which"可以省略
=Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous."which”不可省略
(2)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.
=TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.
(3)We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout.
=We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.
注意:
1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:
lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等
TThisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T=正确)
FThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F=错误)
2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T)
Themanwiththatyoutalkedismyfriend.(F)
(2)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T)
TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.(F)
3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词、数词或者名词。
(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.
(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.
(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.
(4)Theboat,thenameofwhichisTopsail,isfamous.
(5)Iboughtmanybooksyesterday,threeofwhicharewrittenbyLuXun.
判断介词和关系代词
方法一:
用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。
不及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词;而及物动词后接宾语,则要求用关系代词。
ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.
I'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.
Thereason(which/that)hegaveuswasthathegotuplate.
Iwillneverforgetthedays(that/which)Ispentwithhim.
Thisistheplacethat/whichIoncevisited.
根据从句中的形容词来判断例如:
Chinaisabeautifulcountry,ofwhichwearegreatlyproud.
判断改错(注:
先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。
)
(错)ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.
(错)IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.
(对)Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.
(对)I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.
方法二:
先行词在定语从句中作主、宾、定时,选择关系代词who,whom,that,which,whose;先行词在定语从句中作状语时,选择关系副词where,when,why
例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysago?
A.where B.that C.onwhich D.theone
例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld?
A.where B.that C.onwhich D.theone
答案:
例1D,例2A
例1变为肯定句:
Thismuseumis___youvisitedafewdaysago.
例2变为
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