英语写作手册 英文版 知识点Word格式.docx
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英语写作手册 英文版 知识点Word格式.docx
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Donotwriteoneletterofawordattheendoratthebeginningofaline,evenifthatonelettermakesupasyllable,suchasa.lone,trick.y.
Donotputatwo-lettersyllableatthebeginningofaline,likehat.ed,cab.in.
Avoidseparatingpropernamesofpeopleorplaces,likeChi.na,Aus.ten.
Dividehyphenatedwordsonlyatthehyphen:
father-in-law,empty-handed.
Donotdividewordsinawaythatmaymisleadthereader:
pea.cock,re.ally.
Donotdividethelastwordonapage.Instead,writethewholewordonthenextpage.
Dividewordswithprefixesorsuffixesbetweentheprefixorsuffixandthebasepartoftheword:
re.state.ment,un.relent.ing.
Dividetwo-syllablewordswithdoubleconsonantsbetweenthetwoconsonants:
strug.gle,shat.ter.
Dividingwordsisnotalwayseasy.Whenindoubt,consultadictionary
Ⅲ.Capitalization大写
Capitalsareusedmainlyatthreeplaces:
thefirstwordsofsentences,keywordsintitles,andpropernames.
Ⅳ.Punctuation标点
V.Handwriting书法
Writecarefullysothatyourhandwritingcanbereadeasily.
PartTwo
Diction措词
Ⅰ.LevelsofWords词的类型
Thewordsthatareoftenusedmaybedivided,fromastylisticpointofview,intothreetypes:
formal,common,andinformal.
Formalwordsmayalsobecalledlearnedwords,orliterarywords,or"
big"
words.Theymainlyappearinformalwriting,mostofthemareseldomusedindailyconversation,exceptforspecialpurposes.
thosethatpeopleuseeveryday,andappearinallkindsofwriting.,theyarecalledcommonwords.
Therearewordswhicharemainlyusedininformalorfamiliarconversation.Theyseldomappearinformalwriting,andinliteraryworkstheirmainuseistorecordpeople'
sthoughtsanddialogues.TheyareusuallyshortwordsofoneortwosyllablesandmostofthemareofSaxonoriginWemaycalltheminformalwords
Slangwordsarehighlyinformal;
theymaybevividandinteresting,buttheymay,whenusedinappropriately,makethewriterorspeakersoundoffensiveorfunny
Ⅱ.TheMeaningofWords词义
Themeaningofawordhastwoaspects:
denotativeandconnotative.Aword'
sdenotationiswhatitliterallymeans,asdefinedbythedictionary;
itsconnotationisthefeelingorideasuggestedbyit.
Ⅲ.GeneralandSpecificWords泛指词和特指词
Specificwordshelptomakewritingclear,exact,vivid,andstriking,fortheyaremoreinformativeandexpressivethangeneralwords.
Ⅳ.Idioms习语
Anidiomisafixedgroupofwordswithaspecialmeaningwhichisdifferentfromthemeaningsofthewordsthatformit.
Idiomsarefrequentlyusedinspeechandwriting.Theyhelptomakeone'
slanguagesoundnaturalandidiomatic.
Ⅴ.FiguresofSpeech修辞
Wordsusedintheiroriginalmeaningsareusedliterally,whilewordsusedinextendedmeaningsforthepurposeofmakingcomparisonsorcallinguppicturesinthereader'
sorlistener'
smindareusedfiguratively.
1.Simile明喻Itisacomparisonbetweentwodistinctlydifferentthingsandthecomparisonisindicatedbythewordasorlike.
2.Metaphor暗喻Itistheuseofawordwhichoriginallydenotesonethingtorefertoanotherwithasimilarquality.
3.Personification拟人Itistotreatathingoranideaasifitwerehumanorhadhumanqualities.Inpoetrypersonificationisverycommon:
Inprosepersonificationisalsoused,thoughnotsooftenasinpoetry.
4.Metonymy转喻Itissubstitutingthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.
5.Synecdoche提喻Whenapartissubstitutedforthewholeorthewholeissubstitutedforapart,synecdocheisapplied
6.Euphemism委婉语Itisthesubstitutionofamildorvagueexpressionforaharshorunpleasantone.
7.Irony反语Itistheuseofwordswhichareclearlyoppositetowhatismeant,inordertoachieveaspecialeffect.
8.Overstatementandunderstatement夸大和缩小Inoverstatementthedictionexaggeratesthesubject,andinunderstatementthewordsplaydownthemagnitudeorvalueofthesubject.Overstatementisalsocalledhyperbole.
Bothaimatthesameeffect:
tomakethestatementordescriptionimpressiveorinteresting.
9.TransferredEpithet移位修饰Anepithetisanadjectiveordescriptivephrasethatservestocharacterizesomebodyorsomething.Atransferredepithetisonethatisshiftedfromthenounitlogicallymodifiestoawordassociatedwiththatnoun.
10.Oxymoron矛盾修辞法Inoxymoronapparentlycontradictorytermsarecombinedtoproduceaspecialeffect.
11.Alliteration押头韵Itreferstotheappearanceofthesameinitialconsonantsoundintwoormorewords.
Alliterationissometimesusedinproseforthesameeffect-tojointwoormorerelatedwords.
PartThree
TheSentence
Ⅰ.CompleteSentencesandSentenceFragments
Agrammaticallycompletesentenceisonethatcontainsatleastasubjectandapredicate(orfinite)verb;
iftheverbistransitive,theremustbeanobject;
iftheverbisalink-verb,theremustbeapredicativeorcomplement:
Acompletesentencebeginswithacapitalletterandendswithaperiod.
Ⅱ.TypesofSentences
1.Declarative,Interrogative,Imperative,andExclamatorySentences
Accordingtotheiruse,sentencesaredeclarative,interrogative,imperative,orexclamatory.Adeclarativesentencemakesanassertionorastatement.Aninterrogativesentenceasksaquestion.Animperativesentenceexpressesacommandorarequest.Anexclamatorysentenceexpressesastrongfeelingoremotion
2.Simple,Compound,Complex,andCompound-ComplexSentences
Accordingtotheirstructuresentencesaresimple,compound,complex,orcompound-complex.
Asimplesentencehasonlyonesubjectandonepredicate-verb,butitmaycontainmorethanoneobject,attributeoradverbial.Asentencewithtwoormoresubjectsorpredicate-verbs
Acompoundsentenceconsistsoftwoormoreindependentclauses(orsimplesentences)relatedtoeachotherinmeaning,andlinkedbyacoordinatingconjunction(and,but,or,etc.)orbyasemicolonwithoutaconjunction.Coordinatedideasshouldbecompatibleandroughlyequalinimportance,ortakeshapeonebyoneinorderlysequence.
Acomplexsentencecontainsonemain(orprincipal)clauseandoneormoredependent(orsubordinate)clauses,withaconnectiveworddenotingtherelationbetweenthetwoparts.Thedependentclausemayplaythepartofasubject,anobject,apredicative,anattribute,oranadverbialinthemainclause.Asarule,themajorideaisexpressedinthemainclauseandtheideaorideasoflesserimportanceinthesubordinateclauses.
Acompound-complexsentencecontainsatleasttwomainclausesandatleastonedependentclause-acombinationofacompoundandacomplexsentence.
Shortsimplesentencesareoftenusedtomakeemphaticorimportantstatements,suchasthefirstsentenceofthefirstpassageandthelasttwosentencesofthesecondpassage.
Longcomplexsentencesexpresscomplexideasclearlyandaccurately.
3.Loose,Periodic,andBalancedSentences
Fromarhetoricalpointofview,sentencesareloose,periodic,orbalanced.Aloosesentenceputsthemainideabeforeallsupplementaryinformation;
Thereversearrangementmakesaperiodicsentence:
themainideaisexpressedatorneartheendofit,anditisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached.Thereaderdoesnotknowwhatitismainlyaboutuntilhefinishesreadingit.
Loosesentencesareeasier,simpler,morenaturalanddirect;
periodicsentencesaremorecomplex,emphatic,formal,orliterary.
Whenasentencecontainstwoormorepartsofthesameformandgrammaticalfunction,itisonewithparallelconstructions.
Suchparallelsentencesareemphaticandforceful.Whenasentencecontainstwoparallelclausessimilarinstructurebutcontrastedinmeaning,itisabalancedsentence.
Balancedsentencesareimpressivebecauseofthecontrast,andpleasingtohearbecauseoftherhythm.Theyaremainlyusedinformalwriting,likeexpositoryandargumentativeprose,andspeeches.
4.ShortandLongSentences
Shortsentencesareusuallyemphatic,whereaslongsentencesarecapableofexpressingcomplexideaswithprecision,becauseitmaycontainmanymodifiers.Shortsentencesaresuitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas,andlongsentencesfortheexplanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.
Varioussentencestructureshavebeendiscussed.Thebasicprincipleisthatthestructureshouldfittheideabeingexpressed.Inotherwords,theideadeterminesthechoiceofthestructure,nottheotherwayround.
Ⅲ.EffectiveSentences
1.Unity
Unityisthefirstqualityofaneffectivesentence.Aunifiedsentenceexpressesasinglecompletethought.
2.Coherence
Coherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.
3.Conciseness
Asentenceshouldcontainnounnecessarywords.Iftheideaisfullyexpressed,thefewerwordsareused,thebetter.
Repetitionissometimesnecessaryforemphasis,butunnecessaryrepetition,eitherofthesamewordsorofdifferentwordswiththesamem
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