关于建筑行业安全施工的分析毕业设计外文文献翻译中英文翻译Word格式文档下载.docx
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关于建筑行业安全施工的分析毕业设计外文文献翻译中英文翻译Word格式文档下载.docx
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1.DefinitionofAccident
Laney(1982)statesthatthesimplestdefinitionofanaccidentis“anuncontrollableoccurrencewhichresultsininjuryordamage”.Theeventsleadinguptoanaccidentarecontrollableinmostcases.InternationalLaborOfficeGeneva(1983)andKennedy(1997)alsoagreethataccidentsdon’tjusthappen,theyarepreventable.Allindustrialaccidentsare,eitherdirectlyorindirectly,attributabletohumanfailings.Rowlandson(1997)pointsoutthatanumberofelementswhichneedtobeincorporatedintothedefinitionifthisistobeusefulintermsofaccidentprevention.Theseelementsare:
a.lackofmanagementcontrol;
b.basicpersonalandtaskfactors;
c.sub-standardactsandconditions–thesymptomsoftheaccident;
d.anunplannedandundesiredeventorincident–theaccident;
e.anundesiredoutcome–death,injuryorpropertydamage;
f.acost.
Hethusdefinesaccidentas:
“...anunplannedincidentleadingtodeath,injuryorpropertydamagewhichstemsfrominadequatemanagementcontrolofworkprocessesmanifestingitselfinpersonalorjobfactorswhichleadtosubstandardactionsorconditionswhichareseenastheimmediatecausesoftheaccident.”
2.CommonAccidentsinConstructionIndustry
AccordingtoLingardandRowlinson(1994)accidentpronenesscanbemeasuredbythefrequencyofaccidentoccurrence.Accordingtosomeresearches,constructionindustryhasthehighestaccidentrateovertheyears,thusitissaidtobemoreaccident-pronethanotherindustries.Itisessentialtounderstandwhyconstructionindustryismorevulnerabletoaccidentthantheothers.TheLabourDepartmentclassifiedconstructionaccidentsbytypes.
Table1showsthenumberofinjuriesin2004andfiguresinblanketsarethenumberoffatality
fixedorstationaryobject
11.9%
Fallofpersonfromheight
11.7%
Injuredwhilstliftingorcarrying
16.0%
Slip,triporfallonsamelevel
17.3%
Strikingagainstorstuckbymovingobject
19.7%
Contactwithmovingmachineryorobjectbeingmachined
7.0%
Others
16.4%
Theabovechartshowsthemajoraccidentswhichcontributedmorethan5%oftheconstructionaccidentsin2004:
3.FacorsAffectingSafetyPerformanceofConstructionIndustry
Manyresearchershavestudiedthefactorsaffectingsafetyperformanceonconstructionsites.Stranks(1994)pointsoutthatthereasonsofthepoorsafetyrecord
maycorrelatewithmanyfactorssuchascomplexityoftheworkorsystem,risknatureofworks,managementstyle,safetyknowledgeandcommitment,andpersonalbehavior.Hereareseveralfactorsthataffectsafetyperformanceofcontractionindustry.
a.CompanySize
TamandFung(1998)studytheeffectivenessofsafetymanagementstrategiesonsafetyperformance.Inthisstudy,thesafetyperformanceofcompaniesisgaugedbytheiraccidentratesin1994asaccidentratesaresteadierthroughouttheyearandtheycanbeeasilyobtained.Inthestudy,itisfoundthatcompanysize,intermofnumberofmanagementstaff,affectssafetyperformance.TamandFung(1998)observethattheaccidentrateofsmallcompaniesishighest,therateformediumsizedliesalmostattheindustrialaverageandthatforthelargefirmsisthelowest.Thisdemonstratesthatlargerfirmsgenerallyhavebettersafetyrecords.Thiscouldberesultedfromthemorestructuredandformalizedsafetyprogrammers,andstrongermanagementcommitmenttosafety.Itisfoundthatthehighernumberofemployeesintheorganization,thelowerfigureoftheaccidentrate.
b.LevelofSubcontracting
Multi-layersubcontractingisuniquetoChinaconstructionindustryandhasbeenthemostcommonpracticebeingusedwithlonghistory.Subcontractorswouldnormallyfurthersubcontracttheirworkwithouttheconsentoftheirprincipalcontractortoseveralsmallerfirmsinordertominimizetheiroverheads.Multi-layersofsubcontractorsisoneofthemajordifficultiesinimplementingsafetymanagement.RecentstudycarriedoutbyWongandSo(2004)showsthecurrentstatusofthesubcontractingpracticeandhowmulti-layersubcontractingsystemaffectsconstructionsafetyperformance.Theirquestionnairesurveyrevealsthatthemajorityofrespondents(45.5%)wouldsublet80-90%oftheirworkstosubcontractors.Noneoftherespondentswouldcarryoutconstructionworkthatfullyreliesontheirowneffort;
atleast30%ofworkswouldbesubcontractedout.
Lai(1987)attributesthehighsiteaccidentratestotheuseoflabour-onlysubcontractors.Assubcontractedworkersarehighlymobile,lackloyaltytocontractorsandarerewardedaccordingtoworkdone,theyaredifficulttocontrol.Implementingsafetypracticesonsitebecomesmoredifficult.Recentresearchers,likeWong(1999)andLee(1996),believemulti-layersubcontractingsystemisoneofthemajorcausestopoorsafetyperformanceinChina’sconstructionindustry.ThemostextremecaseofsubcontractingquotedbyLee(1999)wassubcontractingupto15layers.Hedescribessuchmulti-layersubcontractingascommonandexcessive.
Smallbusiness,likesubcontractors,facewithspecifichealthandsafetychallenges.Manyfirmslackedadequateresourcesandwereoftenstrugglingtosurvive.Moreover,theylackanunderstandingoftheirobligationsandthehealthandsafetyissuesoftheirprocesses.ThesecanbesupportedbyRawlinson’s(1999)studyforHousingAuthority.Hefindsthataverage84%ofworkersinjuredfrom1995to1998weresubcontractors’workers.Suchsituationmaybeduetosubcontractors’workers’inadequatetrainingandawarenessofsafeworkingpractice.TamandFung(1998)findthereisasignificantdifferencebetweentrainedandun-trainedemployeesinrelationtoaccidentrate.
4.Communication
AccordingtoWong(2002),communicationisamajorfactoraffectingthesafetyonsites.However,ithasseldombeendiscussedbefore.Wong(2002)conductsaresearchtofindoutthecausesofcommunicationproblemsbetweenmaincontractorsandsubcontractors.Heidentifies12factorsleadingtopoorcommunicationinconstructionindustry.Amongthem,10arediscussedhereastheyaremorerelevanttotheterritoryandhavebeendiscussedbyotherresearchers.Thesefactorsarelistedbelow:
i.IndustryNature
Inordertocompletetheprojectontime,constructionprojectsarecarriedoutunderalmostallsortsofweatherconditions.Besides,constructionworkersareusuallynotwell-educated.Thesecausecommunicationdifficulties.
ii.IndustryCulture
Wong(2000)identifiessub-contractingsystemisahurdletoconstructionsafetyastheyareengagedonday-workbasis,thustheyarenotawaretositesafety.
iii.ClientType
Thereare2typesofclients,publicandprivateones.Governmentbodiesarepublicclients.Privateclientscanbefurtherdividedintoexperiencedandinexperienced.Theirconcernandexpectationonsitesafetyperformanceappeartobedifferent.
iv.OrganizationStructure
Fryer(1997)suggeststhatorganizationstructure,includinghierarchy,downsizinganddecentralizationvs.decentralization,rigidityvs.flexibility,rulesandprocedure,wouldaffecttheresultofcommunications.AccordingtoWong(2002),downsizingbecamepopularsince1990sbecausethiscanallowflexibilityforpeopleforrespondmorequicklytochange.
v.RelationshipofMainandSub-Contractors
Thepoorrelationshipbetweencontractorsisanobstacletoconstructionsafety.However,suchsituationcouldberesolvedbypartnering.Wong(2002)saysthatpartneringisconsideredbymostoftheprojectparticipantsasaworthwhileinitiative.
vi.CommunicationBarriers
HicksandGullett(1983)pointsoutthatcommunicationoverloadandinattentiontomessagecancauseineffectivecommunication.Peoplemayreceivemoreinformationthantheycanprocessortheyspendtimeevaluatingthesenderandthemessagebeforetheentiremessageisbeingpassedorread.
vii.ContentofInformation
Wong(2002)attributespoorsafetyperformancetothecontentofinformation.Ifcontentofinformation,suchasmethodstatements,working,drawingsorsafetyprocedures,areinaccurateorunclear,safetycouldnotbeeffectivelyachieved.
viii.ValueofCommunicators
Tametal(2001)pointoutthatmanyproductionpersonnelranksafetyinalowerprioritieswhencomparewithmeetingtheproductionschedule,quotaandcosttargets.Besides,NicholsandStevens(1999)mentionthefailureofmanysuperiorstolisten.Asaresult,safetyissuedoesnotreceiveenoughattention.
ix.ProvisionofContinuousTraining
Enrichmentofsafetyknowledgeisessential.Teoetal(2005)carryoutastudytofindoutthemethodsinfosteringworkers’safeworkbehaviours.Theyfindthattrainingisanimportantwaytoenableworkerstoworksafely,becausetheyareequippedwiththeknowledgeofhowtoworksafely.
x.Workers’Attitude
Workers’incorrectattitudetowardssitesafetyisabigdifficultyinmakingsafetysites.InChanetal’s(1999)research,itisfoundthatworkersdonotthinktheyhavethedutytocomplywithsafetyregulationsforthemaincontractors.Theywillbemoreawaretosafetyissuesafterseriousaccidentbuttheywillresum
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