文明冲突论The Clash of CivilizationsWord文件下载.docx

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BernardLewis 

inanarticleintheSeptember1990issueof 

TheAtlanticMonthly 

titled"

TheRootsofMuslimRage"

.[3]

Thisexpressionderivesfrom 

clashofcultures,alreadyusedduringthecolonialperiodandthe 

BelleÉ

poque.[4]

∙1 

Overview

∙2 

Huntington'

s"

majorcivilizations"

∙3 

sthesisofcivilizationalclash

o3.1 

Corestateandfaultlineconflicts

∙4 

Modernization,westernization,and"

torncountries"

∙5 

Criticism

o5.1 

Opposingconcepts

▪5.1.1 

TheIntermediateRegion

∙6 

Seealso

∙7 

Bibliography

∙8 

References

∙9 

Externallinks

[edit]Overview

Huntingtonbeganhisthinkingbysurveyingthediversetheoriesaboutthenatureofglobalpoliticsinthepost-ColdWarperiod.Sometheoristsandwritersarguedthat 

humanrights, 

liberaldemocracy 

andcapitalistfreemarketeconomyhadbecometheonlyremainingideologicalalternativefornationsinthepost-ColdWarworld.Specifically, 

FrancisFukuyama 

arguedthattheworldhadreachedthe'

endofhistory'

inaHegelian 

sense.

Huntingtonbelievedthatwhiletheageof 

ideology 

hadended,theworldhadonlyrevertedtoanormalstateofaffairscharacterizedbyculturalconflict.Inhisthesis,hearguedthattheprimaryaxisofconflictinthefuturewillbealongculturalandreligiouslines.

Asanextension,hepositsthattheconceptofdifferent 

civilizations,asthehighestrankofculturalidentity,willbecomeincreasinglyusefulinanalyzingthepotentialforconflict.

Inthe1993 

ForeignAffairs 

article,Huntingtonwrites:

Itismyhypothesisthatthefundamentalsourceofconflictinthisnewworldwillnotbeprimarilyideologicalorprimarilyeconomic.Thegreatdivisionsamonghumankindandthedominatingsourceofconflictwillbecultural.Nationstateswillremainthemostpowerfulactorsinworldaffairs,buttheprincipalconflictsofglobalpoliticswilloccurbetweennationsandgroupsofdifferentcivilizations.Theclashofcivilizationswilldominateglobalpolitics.Thefaultlinesbetweencivilizationswillbethebattlelinesofthefuture.[2]

Intheendofthearticle,hewrites:

Thisisnottoadvocatethedesirabilityofconflictsbetweencivilizations.Itistosetforthdescriptivehypothesisastowhatthefuturemaybelike.[2]

TheclashofcivilizationsaccordingtoHuntington（1996）,aspresentedinthebook.Theauthorstatesthat,insteadofbelongingtooneofthe"

major"

civilizations, 

Ethiopia 

and 

Haiti 

are"

Lone"

countries,andthat 

Israel 

couldbeconsideredauniquestatewithitsowncivilization,butonewhichisextremelysimilartotheWest.Huntingtonalsobelievesthatthe 

AnglophoneCaribbean,formerBritishcoloniesintheCaribbean,constitutesadistinctentity.[5]

Huntingtondividedtheworldintothe"

inhisthesisassuch:

▪Western 

civilization,centeredonAustralasia,NorthernAmerica,andEurope（excludingOrthodoxEasternandSouth-EasternEuropebutincludingCatholicCentralandEast-CentralEurope）.HuntingtonalsoincludestherestofOceania.WhetherLatinAmericaandtheformermemberstatesoftheSovietUnionareincluded,orareinsteadtheirownseparatecivilizations,willbeanimportantfutureconsiderationforthoseregions,accordingtoHuntington.

▪LatinAmerica.IncludesCentralAmerica（excludingBelize[citationneeded]）,SouthAmerica（excluding 

theGuianas）, 

Cuba,the 

DominicanRepublic,andMexico.MaybeconsideredapartofWesterncivilization,thoughithasslightlydistinctsocialandpoliticalstructuresfromEuropeandNorthernAmerica.ManypeopleoftheSouthernCone,however,regardthemselvesasfullmembersoftheWesterncivilization.

▪The 

Orthodox 

worldoftheformerSovietUnion（excludingthe 

Balticstates,mostofCentralAsiaandAzerbaijan）,theformer 

Yugoslavia 

（excludingSloveniaandCroatia）, 

Bulgaria, 

Cyprus,Greece,and 

Romania.

Easternworld 

isthemixofthe 

Buddhist, 

Sinic, 

Hindu,and 

Japonic 

civilizations.

▪TheBuddhistareasof 

Bhutan, 

Cambodia, 

Laos, 

Mongolia, 

Myanmar, 

SriLanka,and 

Thailand 

areidentifiedasseparatefromothercivilizations,butHuntingtonbelievesthattheydonotconstituteamajorcivilizationinthesenseofinternationalaffairs.

▪TheSiniccivilizationofChina,the 

Koreas, 

Singapore, 

Taiwan,and 

Vietnam.Thisgroupalsoincludesthe 

Chinesediaspora,especiallyinrelationtoSoutheastAsia.

▪Hinducivilization,locatedchieflyinIndia, 

Bhutan 

Nepal,andculturallyadheredtobytheglobal 

Indiandiaspora.

▪Japan,consideredahybridofChinesecivilizationandolder 

Altaic 

patterns.

Muslimworld 

ofthe 

GreaterMiddleEast 

（excludingArmenia,Cyprus,Ethiopia,Georgia,Greece,Israel,Kazakhstan,Malta,andSudan）,northern 

WestAfrica,Albania, 

Bangladesh, 

Brunei, 

Comoros, 

Indonesia, 

Malaysia, 

Pakistan,and 

Maldives.

▪Thecivilizationof 

Sub-SaharanAfrica 

locatedinSouthernAfrica,MiddleAfrica（excludingChad）,EastAfrica（excludingthe 

HornofAfrica,Comoros,Kenya,Mauritius,andTanzania）, 

CapeVerde, 

Cô

ted'

Ivoire, 

Ghana, 

Liberia,and 

SierraLeone.Consideredasapossible8thcivilizationbyHuntington.

▪Insteadofbelongingtooneofthe"

arelabeledas"

countries. 

couldbeconsideredauniquestatewithitsowncivilization,Huntingtonwrites,butonewhichisextremelysimilartotheWest.Huntingtonalsobelievesthatthe 

AnglophoneCaribbean,formerBritishcoloniesintheCaribbean,constitutesadistinctentity.

▪Therearealsootherswhichareconsidered"

cleftcountries"

becausetheycontainlargegroupsofpeopleidentifyingwithseparatecivilizations.ExamplesincludeIndia（"

cleft"

betweenitsHindumajorityandlargeMuslimminority）, 

Ukraine 

（"

betweenits 

EasternRiteCatholic-dominatedwesternsectionanditsOrthodox-dominatedeast）,France（cleftbetweenSub-SaharanAfrican,inthecaseof 

FrenchGuiana;

andtheWest）, 

Benin, 

Chad, 

Kenya, 

Nigeria, 

Tanzania,and 

Togo（allcleftbetweenIslamandSub-SaharanAfrica）, 

Guyana 

Suriname 

（cleftbetweenHinduandSub-SaharanAfrican）, 

China 

（cleftbetweenSinic,Buddhist,inthecaseof 

Tibet;

andtheWest,inthecaseof 

HongKong 

Macau）,andthe 

Philippines 

（cleftbetweenIslam,inthecaseof 

Mindanao;

Sinic,andtheWest）. 

Sudanwasalsoincludedas"

betweenIslamandSub-SaharanAfrica;

thisdivisionissettobecomeaformalsplitinJuly2011followinganoverwhelmingvoteforindependenceby 

SouthernSudan 

ina 

January2011referendum.

HuntingtonarguesthatthetrendsofglobalconflictaftertheendoftheColdWarareincreasinglyappearingatthesecivilizationaldivisions.Warssuchasthosefollowingthebreakupof 

Yugoslavia,in 

Chechnya,andbetweenIndiaandPakistanwerecitedasevidenceofinter-civilizationalconflict.

HuntingtonalsoarguesthatthewidespreadWesternbeliefintheuniversalityoftheWest'

svaluesandpoliticalsystemsisnaï

veandthatcontinuedinsistenceondemocratizationandsuch"

universal"

normswillonlyfurtherantagonizeothercivilizations.HuntingtonseestheWestasreluctanttoacceptthisbecauseitbuilttheinternationalsystem,wroteitslaws,andgaveitsubstanceintheformofthe 

UnitedNations.

Huntingtonidentifiesamajorshiftofeconomic,military,andpoliticalpowerfromtheWesttotheothercivilizationsoftheworld,mostsignificantlytowhatheidentifiesasthetwo"

challengercivilizations"

SinicandIslam.

InHuntington'

sview,EastAsianSiniccivilizationisculturallyassertingitselfanditsvaluesrelativetotheWestduetoitsrapideconomicgrowth.Specifically,hebelievesthatChina'

sgoalsaretoreassertitselfastheregionalhegemon,andthatothercountriesintheregionwill'

bandwagon'

withChinaduetothehistoryofhierarchicalcommandstructuresimplicitinthe 

Confucian 

Siniccivilization,asopposedtotheindividualismandpluralismvaluedintheWest.

Inotherwords,regionalpowerssuchasthetwoKoreasandVietnamwillacquiescetoChinesedemandsandbecomemoresupportiveofChinaratherthanattemptingtoopposeit.HuntingtonthereforebelievesthattheriseofChinaposesoneofthemostsignificantproblemsandthemostpowerfullong-termthreattotheWest,asChineseculturalassertionclasheswiththeAmericandesireforthelackofaregionalhegemonyinEastAsia.[citationneeded]

HuntingtonarguesthattheIslamiccivilizationhasexperiencedamassivepopulationexplosionwhichisfuelinginstabilitybothonthe 

bordersofIslam 

andinitsinterior,where 

fundamentalist 

movementsarebecomingincreasinglypopular.Manifestationsofwhathetermsthe"

IslamicResurgence"

includethe 

1979Iranianrevolution 

andthefirst 

GulfWar.

PerhapsthemostcontroversialstatementHuntingtonmadeinthe 

articlewasthat"

Islamhasbloodyborders"

.Huntingtonbelievesthistobearealconsequenceofseveralfactors,includingthepreviouslymentionedMuslim 

youthbulge 

andpopulationgrowthandIslamicproximitytomanycivilizationsincludingSinic,Orthodox,Western,andAfrican.

Hunti