英国历史笔记-英文版.doc
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英国历史笔记-英文版.doc
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英国历史
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StonehengeandotherexamplesofprehistoriccultureareallthatremainoftheearliestinhabitantsofBritain.Celticpeoplesfollowed.Romaninvasionsofthe1stcenturyB.C.broughtBritainintocontactwithcontinentalEurope.WhentheRomanlegionswithdrewinthe5thcenturyA.D.,BritainfelleasypreytotheinvadinghordesofAngles,Saxons,andJutesfromScandinaviaandtheLowCountries.TheinvasionshadlittleeffectontheCelticpeoplesofWalesandScotland.SevenlargeAnglo-Saxonkingdomswereestablished,andtheoriginalBritonswereforcedintoWalesandScotland.Itwasnotuntilthe10thcenturythatthecountryfinallybecameunitedunderthekingsofWessex.FollowingthedeathofEdwardtheConfessor(1066),adisputeaboutthesuccessionarose,andWilliam,DukeofNormandy,invadedEngland,defeatingtheSaxonking,HaroldII,attheBattleofHastings(1066).TheNormanconquestintroducedNormanFrenchlawandfeudalism.
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ThereignofHenryII(1154——1189),firstofthePlantagenets,sawanincreasingcentralizationofroyalpowerattheexpenseofthenobles,butin1215KingJohn(1199——1216)wasforcedtosigntheMagnaCarta,whichawardedthepeople,especiallythenobles,certainbasicrights.EdwardI(1272——1307)continuedtheconquestofIreland,reducedWalestosubjection,andmadesomegainsinScotland.In1314,however,EnglishforcesledbyEdwardIIwereoustedfromScotlandaftertheBattleofBannockburn.Thelate13thandearly14thcenturiessawthedevelopmentofaseparateHouseofCommonswithtax-raisingpowers.EdwardIII'sclaimtothethroneofFranceledtotheHundredYears'War(1338——1453)andthelossofalmostallthelargeEnglishterritoryinFrance.InEngland,thegreatpovertyanddiscontentcausedbythewarwereintensifiedbytheBlackDeath,aplaguethatreducedthepopulationbyaboutone-third.TheWarsoftheRoses(1455——1485),astruggleforthethronebetweentheHouseofYorkandtheHouseofLancaster,endedinthevictoryofHenryTudor(HenryVII)atBosworthField(1485).
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DuringthereignofHenryVIII(1509——1547),thechurchinEnglandasserteditsindependencefromtheRomanCatholicChurch.UnderEdwardVIandMary,thetwoextremesofreligiousfanaticismwerereached,anditremainedforHenry'sdaughter,ElizabethI(1558——1603),tosetuptheChurchofEnglandonamoderatebasis.In1588,theSpanishArmada,afleetsentoutbyCatholicKingPhilipIIofSpain,wasdefeatedbytheEnglishanddestroyedduringastorm.DuringElizabeth'sreign,Englandbecameaworldpower.Elizabeth'sheirwasaStuart〞JamesVIofScotland〞whojoinedthetwocrownsasJamesI(1603——1625).TheStuartkingsincurredlargedebtsandwereforcedeithertodependonParliamentfortaxesortoraisemoneybyillegalmeans.In1642,warbrokeoutbetweenCharlesIandalargesegmentoftheParliament;Charleswasdefeatedandexecutedin1649,andthemonarchywasthenabolished.Afterthedeathin1658ofOliverCromwell,thelordprotector,thePuritanCommonwealthfelltopiecesandCharlesIIwasplacedonthethronein1660.ThestrugglebetweenthekingandParliamentcontinued,butCharlesIIknewwhentocompromise.Hisbrother,JamesII(1685——1688),possessednoneofCharlesII'sabilityandwasoustedbytheRevolutionof1688,whichconfirmedtheprimacyofParliament.James'sdaughter,Mary,andherhusband,WilliamofOrange,thenbecametherulers.
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6];@5Q2H7s.f){ QueenAnne'sreign(1702——1714)wasmarkedbytheDukeofMarlborough'svictoriesoverFranceatBlenheim,Oudenarde,andMalplaquetintheWaroftheSpanishSuccession.EnglandandScotlandmeanwhilewerejoinedbytheActofUnion(1707).UponthedeathofAnne,thedistantclaimsoftheelectorofHanoverwererecognized,andhebecamekingofGreatBritainandIrelandasGeorgeI.TheunwillingnessoftheHanoveriankingstoruleresultedintheformationbytheroyalministersofacabinet,headedbyaprimeminister,whichdirectedallpublicbusiness.Abroad,theconstantwarswithFranceexpandedtheBritishEmpireallovertheglobe,particularlyinNorthAmericaandIndia.ThisimperialgrowthwascheckedbytherevoltoftheAmericancolonies(1775——1781).StruggleswithFrancebrokeoutagainin1793andduringtheNapoleonicWars,whichendedatWaterlooin1815.5z ^+p2A5v&~;Z
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TheVictorianera,namedafterQueenVictoria(1837——1901),sawthegrowthofademocraticsystemofgovernmentthathadbegunwiththeReformBillof1832.ThetwoimportantwarsinVictoria'sreignweretheCrimeanWaragainstRussia(1853——1856)andtheBoerWar(1899——1902),thelatterenormouslyextendingBritain'sinfluenceinAfrica.
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