国际商法复习汇总文档格式.docx
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国际商法复习汇总文档格式.docx
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5.Objectiveterritorialjurisdiction(目的地管辖):
Ifforeigncompaniesactinwaysthatdirectlyaffectastateotherthantheirown,theymaybeheldaccountablebytheotherstate.对该国产生影响。
v本法院职能为依据国际法审理向其提交的争端,应当适用以下渊源:
1.TreatiesandConventions,2.internationalcustomsandusages,3.nationalbusinesslaws.
6.Treaties(条约):
Theyarelegallybindingagreementsbetweentwoormorestates.
7.Conventions(公约):
Theyarelegallybindingagreementsbetweenstatessponsoredbyinternationalorganizations.
8.Customlaw(习惯法):
Someruleshavebeenaroundforsuchalongtimeoraresogenerallyaccepted.
9.Acustomarypractice(习惯法):
hasbecomecustomarylaw,twoelementsmustbeestablished—onebehavioralandonepsychological.
10.Thebehavioralelementrequiresconsistentandrecurringaction(orlackofactionifthecustomisoneofnoninvolvement)bystates.国家间持续的,反复的作为或不作为。
11.Thepsychologicalelementinshowingthatacustomarypracticehasbecomelawistherequirementthatstatesobservingthecustommustregarditasbinding.当事国认为其为一项必须的法律。
12.GeneralprincipleconsistoftheAnglo-AmericancommonlawsystemandtheRomano-Germaniccivillawsystem.一般原则JusCogens强制法
13.Self-excutingtreatyisonethatcontainsaprovisionstatingthatthetreatywillapplytothepartieswithouttheirhavingtoadoptanydomesticenablinglegislation.自动生效条约
14.ConstitutionaltreatiesaremadeaccordingtotheConstitution’sprovisionsandareself-excutingandeffectivedomestically.宪法
15.Excutiveagreementsmadesolelybythepresidentandhaveeffectdomestically.Toobtaineffect,implementinglegislationmustbeadopted.
Astoexternalmatters,bothofthesehavesameeffect.行政条约
16.Statesarepoliticalentitiesthathaveaterritory,apopulation,agovernmentcapableofenteringintointernationalrelations,andagovernmentcapableofcontrollingitsterritoryandpeople.国家是一政治实体,拥有领土,人民和政府,其能对外交往,对内统治其领土及居民。
17.Independentstatesarefreefromthepoliticalcontrolofotherstatesandfreetoenterintoagreementswithotherinternationalpersons.独立
18.Dependentstateshaveformallysurrenderedsomeaspectsoftheirpoliticalandgovernmentalfunctionstoanotherstate.非独立
19.Inchoatestateslacksomeattributerequiredtobetreatedasfullyindependentstate;
mostcommonlytheylackterritoryorpopulation.正在形成的国家
20.Recognitioncomesoutbyaunilateraldeclaration,anditcanbeeitherexplicitorimplicit.Oncegiven,itimpliesthattherecognizestateorgovernmentisentitledtotherightsandprivilegesgrantedbyinternationallaws.承认是一个单方声明,
21.Declarationdoctrineholdsthatthelegalexistenceofagovernmenthappensautomaticallybyoperationoflawwheneveragovernmentiscapableofcontrollingaterritoryanditspeople.宣告说,能统治领土和居民则是一个正式存在的国家
22.Constitutivedoctrinestatesthatagovernmentdoesnottrulycomeintoexistenceuntilsuchtimeasitisrecognizedbyotherstatesandparticipatesintheinternationalarena.构成说,除非他国承认
23.Territorysovereigntyistherighttoexercisethefunctionsofastatewithinaterritory.领土主权先占征服/持续占有转让
24.Dispositivetreatiesarethetreatiesconcernedwithrightsoverterritory.
25.Mergerrulepresumesthatwhentwostatesmergetoformanewstate,thepreexistingtreatiesremaininforceintheterritorieswheretheypreviouslyapplied.合并原则在原来领土上持续有效
26.Movingboundariesruleholdsthatthetreatiesoftheabsorbingstatedisplacethetreatiesoftherecedingstateintheterritorywheresovereigntyhaschanged.条约移动界域原则新国合约取代原国合约
27.Cleanslatedoctrineisthattheex-colonystartswithnoobligationtosucceedtothetreatiesofitsformercolonialpower.白板原则殖民地回归原合约一律无效
28.Successionofstatesisthatwhentwostatescomeintoexistencefollowingdisintegrationofapredecessor,bothareboundbythepredecessor’streatiestotheextentthattheyareapplicablewithineachoftheirterritories.承继原则国家分裂基础原国法律
2)国家获得领土主权的方式(简答题)
✧BytheoccupationoflandnotclaimedbyanotherSovereign.
✧Bythevoluntarytransferofterritoryfromonesovereigntoanother.
✧Bytheconquestandcontinuedoccupationoftheterritoryofanothersovereign。
4)财产继承及国籍保留
✧Thenationalofaterritorythatisacquiredbyasuccessorstatewillkeepthenationalityofthepredecessorstateunlessadifferentresultisagreedtoinatreatyofcessionorbymunicipallegislation.除非条例另有规定,国民保留原籍
✧Publicproperty公共财产
1 Publicpropertylocatedwithinaterritorybecomesthepropertyofthesuccessorstate.在领土内的公众财产归承继者所有。
2 Whilelocatedinathirdstatebelongstowhichevergovernmentthethirdpartyrecognizes.位于其它国的公共财产由财产所在国对承继者是否承认而定。
Ifathirdpartyrecognizesbothstates,thepropertywillgenerallybelongstowhicheverstateisactualpossession.同时认可,则由实际拥有者国籍决定。
29.Intergovenmentalorganizations(IGOs)政府间组织arepermanentorganizationsetupbytwoormorestatestocarryonactivitiesofcommoninterest.
30.UN隶属联合国的组织:
TheGeneralAssembly大会TheSecurityCouncil安全理事会TheSecretariat秘书处TheInternationalCourtofJustice国际法院TheTrusteeshipCouncil托管理事会TheUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCouncil联合国经济与社会理事会
31.Generalassembly联合国大会isaquasi-legislativebodymadeupofrepresentativesofallmemberstates.唯一立法机构
31.TheSecuritycouncil.安全理事会ismadeupofrepresentativesof15memberstates,5ofwhicharepermanentmemberstates.Itisresponsibleformaintaininginternationalpeaceandsecurity,anditistheonlyUnitedNationsOrganwiththeauthoritytousearmedforce
32.欧盟的主要机构包括:
欧盟委员会欧盟理事会欧洲议会欧洲法院
33.欧盟委员会会:
EuropeanCommission:
theEuropeanCommissionistheEU’sexecutivebranch,butalsohassomelegislativefunction.立法功能
34.欧盟理事会:
CounciloftheEuropeanUnion:
theCounciloftheEuropeanUnionisthemaindecision-makingbodyoftheEU.InexercisescodecisionwiththeEuropeanParliamentonawidearrayofcommunityissues.决策机构
35.欧洲议会:
EuropeanParliament:
theEuropeanParliamenthas786memberselectedeveryfiveyearsbyuniversalsuffrage.
36.欧洲法院:
EuropeanCourtofjustice:
thecourtofJusticeiscomposedof27Judgesand8advocates-general.
37.multinationalenterprise跨国企业:
arebusinessesoperatingbranches,subsidiaries,orjointventuresintwoormorecountries.
38.stateresponsibility国家责任:
allowastatetoseekcompensationfromotherstatesforinjuriesdonetoitsnationals.因外国人对本国人造成的伤害而承担的责任
40.whatisthepurposeofFreeTradeArea(FTA)?
FTAsaresetuptoeliminatetradebarriersbetweenmemberstateswithoutestablishingacommonexternaltariff.消除贸易壁垒而非建立共同壁垒。
包括:
Romano-Germaniccivillaw(大陆法系);
Anglo-Americancommonlaw(英美法系);
Islamiclaw(伊斯兰法系)
第四章
1.社团Company:
Anassociationofpersonsororganizedforthepurposeofcarryingonacommercial,industrialorsimilarenterprise.为从事商业、工业或类似事业而聚集的人或资本形成的组织
2.合伙Partnership:
Acompanyoftwoormorepersonswhoco-ownandmanageabusinessandwhoareeachliabletothefullextentoftheirpersonalassetsforitsdebts.
两个以上的合伙人共同所有,共同经营的组织。
每一个合伙人以自己的个人资产为合伙债务承担全部责任
3.狮子条款LeonineClause
Aclauseofacivillawpartnershipagreementthatexcludeaparticularpartnerfromsharinginthelossesofthecompany.大陆法合伙协议中允许某些合伙人不承担合伙企业损失的条款
4.有限合伙Limitedpartnership
Apartnershipconsistingofoneormoregeneralpartnerswhomanagethebusinessandareeachliabletothefullextentoftheirpersonalassetsforitsdebtsandoneormorelimitedpartnerswhoseliabilityislimitedtothefundstheyinvest.由一个以上的一般合伙人和一个以上的有限合伙人组成的合伙企业。
一般合伙人管理企业并以其个人资产对企业债务承担责任,有限合伙人只以其投入企业的资产为限对企业债务承担责任
5.大陆法系中的隐名合伙Civillawsilentpartnership
Apartnershipinwhichtheparticipationofoneormorepersonsaspartnersisnotdisclosedtothepublic.Thesepartnersarecalledsilentpartnersandhavelimitedpersonalliability.一种合伙企业,其中一个或多个合伙人的合伙人身份是保密的。
这种合伙人被称为隐名合伙人,对企业只承担有限责任
6.普通法系中的隐名合伙Commonlawsecretpartnership
Apartnershipinwhichtheparticipationofoneormorepersonsaspartnersisnotdisclosedtothepublic.Allofthepartnershaveunlimitedpersonalliability.一种合伙企业,其中一个或多个合伙人的合伙人身份是保密的。
所有合伙人对企业均承担无限责任
7.大陆法系中的公司Civillawcorporation
Aseparatejuridicalentityownedbyshareholderswhomayhavelimited,unlimited,ornoliability.股东所拥有的独立法人组织,股东的责任形式包括有限责任、无限责任或无责任
8.普通法系中的公司Commonlawcorporation
Acompanyofcapitalwhoseownershavelimitedpersonalliability.所有人承担有限责任的企业
9.大陆法系中的有限责任公司Civillawlimitedliabilitycompany
Acorporationownedbymembersthatdoesnotissuenegotiablesharecertificatesandissubjecttominimalpublicdisclosurelaws.由其成员拥有,不发行可转让股份证书的公司,公司有义务向公众进行最低披露
10.普通法系中的有限责任公司Commonlawlimitedliabilitycompany
Anunincorporatedassociationthatistreatedasapartnershipfortaxpurposesandprovideslimitedliabilityforitsowners.在税法上被视为合伙,其出资人对企业债务承担有限责任的非法人组织
11.股份有限合伙Partnershiplimitedbyshares
Abusinessformconsistingofoneormoregeneralpartnerswithunlimitedliabilityandlimitedparticipationbyinvestorsintheformofshares.一种企业,由一个或多个承担无限责任的一般合伙人以及以股份形式出资的有限责任出资人组成
12.合股公司Jointstockcompany
Anunincorporatedassociationofpersonswhoseownershipinterestsarerepresentedbytransferable
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