Engine performance and efficiencies CO emissionsWord格式文档下载.docx
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Engine performance and efficiencies CO emissionsWord格式文档下载.docx
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AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences
Abstract
ThispaperexaminesconstructionqualitycostsinTurkey.First,backgroundinformationispresentedonqualitycosting,ontheprevention,appraisal,andfailure(PAF)approach,andonPAFcomponents.Secondly,amodelispresentedfordeterminingtheoptimumleveloftotalqualitycost.Finally,acasestudyinwhichthecostsofqualityinamass-housingprojectwerecollectedandevaluatedispresented.Forthecasestudy,thedatawereobtainedintwostages:
(i)duringtheconstructionperiodand(ii)afterthedeliveryofresidences.Duringtheconstructionperiod,datawerecollectedincollaborationwithquantitysurveyorsandsiteengineers.Duringthedeliveryofresidences,aquestionnairewasadministeredto655householders,usingface-to-faceinterviews.Theimportanceofconstructionqualityinadevelopingcountrywasclarifiedbymeansofacost-basedanalysis,inwhichthepercentagesofqualitycostsinthetotalcosttoclientwerecalculatedseparately,aswastheoptimumcostvalueoftotalquality.
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Qualitycosting
3.Theprevention,appraisal,andfailure(PAF)approach
3.1.Preventioncosts
3.2.Appraisalcosts
3.3.Failurecosts
4.Themodelbasisofoptimumqualitycost
5.Thecasestudy
6.Curvefittingwithpolynomials
7.Findingsandanalysis
8.Concludingremarks
Acknowledgements
References
Purchase
66Classificationofmaterialandweldinginfractureconsiderationofseismicsteelframes?
EngineeringStructures,Volume25,Issue5,April2003,Pages547-563
H.Kuwamura
Thispapershowsadesignmethodforpreventingbrittlefracturewhichwasobservedatbeam-to-columnconnectionsinsteelmomentframesinKobeattheeventofthe1995Hyogoken¨
CNanbuEarthquake.Theproposedmethodisperformance-based,inwhichqualitiesofstructuralsteelsandweldingsareclassifiedinto4ranks,respectively,inaccordancewiththeplasticdeformationcapacityofbeamspriortotheonsetofbrittlefracture.Fordeterminingandverifyingtheperformance-basedranksofmaterialandwelding,recentexperimentalandanalyticaldataareutilizedwhichhavebeenobtainedthroughextensiveresearchactivitiesfollowingthe1995Earthquake.
2.Limitstatesinfracture-resistantdesign
3.Designfactorsinfractureresistance
4.Formulafordesigncriterion
5.Ductilityindex
5.1.Ductilityindexvsstorydriftcapacity
5.2.Storydriftvs.beamrotation
5.3.Effectofdeformationamplitude
5.4.Uncertaintiesinductility
6.Performanceclassificationofsteels
6.1.Effectofyieldratio
6.2.EffectofCharpyabsorptionenergy
6.3.Rankingofsteels
7.Performanceclassificationofwelding
7.1.Effectofweldingheatinput
7.2.Effectofconnectiondetails
7.3.Rankingofwelding
8.Combinationofmaterialandweldingperformances
8.1.Overallranking
8.2.Verificationofranking
9.Summary
67DetectionofGTAweldingqualityanddisturbancefactorswithspectralsignalofarclight?
JournalofMaterialsProcessingTechnology,Volume209,Issue10,1June2009,Pages4867-4873
LiZhiyong,WangBao,DingJingbin
Byjustartificiallycausingdisturbancefactors,thechangeinthespectrumoftheweldingarcisstudiedinordertoidentifyspecialspectralprocessingzonesthatcouldprovidesignals,withhighsignaltonoiseratio,foraproperevaluationoftheGTAW(gastungstenarcwelding)process.Furthermore,theselectedspectralprocessingzoneswereappliedforinsitudetectionoftheweldingtrailswiththedisturbancefactors.Theresultshaveshownthatbyusingsuitablespectralprocessingzones(250¨
C300?
nm,750¨
C830?
nm,776.6¨
C777.6?
nm,867.5¨
C868.5?
nm,900¨
C1000?
nm),weldingdefects,suchasbeadfacediscontinuity,poorweldandporosity,whichareusuallycausedbydifferentdisturbancefactors,couldbedetectedandidentified.ThepresentstudyisanattempttoputontheoreticalbasistheinsitudetectionandcontrolofGTAWprocess.
2.Experimentalprocedure
3.AnalysisonthelightradiationofGTAweldingarc
4.Choiceofspectralzones
5.Thespectralsignalsofweldingbeadswithdifferentdisturbancefactors
6.Conclusions
Vitae
68Microstructureandmechanicalpropertiesofalumina-6061aluminumalloyjoinedbyfrictionwelding?
Materials&
Design,Volume31,Issue2,February2010,Pages670-676
M.N.AhmadFauzi,M.B.Uday,H.Zuhailawati,A.B.Ismail
Thestudyoftheinterfaceofceramic/metalalloyfrictionweldedcomponentsisessentialforunderstandingofthequalityofbondingbetweentwodissimilarmaterials.Inthepresentstudy,opticalandelectronmicroscopyaswellasfour-pointbendingstrengthandmicrohardnessmeasurementswereusedtoevaluatethequalityofbondingofaluminaand6061aluminumalloyjointsproducedbyfrictionwelding.ThejointswerealsoexaminedwithEDX(energydispersiveX-ray)inordertodeterminethephasesformedduringwelding.Thebondedalumina-6061aluminumsampleswereproducedbyvaryingtherotationalspeedbutkeepingconstantthefrictionpressureandfrictiontime.Theexperimentalresultsshowedthattheeffectofrotationspeedanddegreeofdeformationappearstobehighonthe6061Alalloythanonthealuminapart.Itisdiscoveredthattheweldinterfaceformedincludedthreedifferentregions:
unaffectedzone(UZ),deformedzone(DZ),aswellastransformedandrecrystallizedfullydeformedzone(FPDZ).Therefore,whenrotationalspeedincreases,thethicknessoffullplasticdeformedzone(FPDZ)attheinterfaceincreasesasaresultofmoremassdiscardedfromtheweldinginterface.Itwasalsoobservedthatrotationalspeedof2500?
rpmcanproduceaverygoodjointandmicrohardnesswithgoodmicrostructureascomparedtotheotherexperimentalrotationalspeeds.
2.Experimental
3.Resultsanddiscussion
3.1.Microstructurecharacteristicsattheinterfacezone
3.2.Deformationzoneandgrainsize
3.3.Vickersmicrohardnesstests
3.4.Four-pointbendingstrength
4.Conclusion
69Effectofweldingspeedonthequalityoffrictionstirweldedbuttjointsofamagnesiumalloy?
Design,Volume30,Issue6,June2009,Pages2033-2042
X.Cao,M.Jahazi
Theeffectofweldingspeedrangingfrom5to30?
mm/son2-mmbuttjointqualityoffrictionstirweldedAZ31B-H24magnesiumalloywasinvestigatedtodeterminedefects,microstructures,hardnessandtensileproperties.Highweldingspeedoverawiderangecanbeusedtoweldthismaterialathightoolrevolutionratesindicatingthegreatpotentialofthistechniqueformagnesiumalloys.Equiaxedgrainswereobservedinthestirandthermo-mechanically-affectedzones.Thegrainsizeinthestirzonedecreaseswithincreasingweldingspeedduetolowerheatinput.Higherweldingspeedsproduceslightlyhigherhardnessinthestirzone.Theyieldstrengthincreaseswithincreasingweldingspeed.Thetensilestrengthincreasesfirstwithincreasingweldingspeedbutremainsconstantfrom15to30?
mm/s.AHall¨
CPetchlinearrelationshipbetweenyieldstrengthandinversesquarerootofgrainsizeinthestirzoneillustratesthestrongrelationshipbetweentheseparameters.
2.Experimentalmethod
3.Resultsanddiscussion
4.Conclusions
70Comparisonofanalyticalandnumericalweldingtemperaturefieldcalculation?
ComputationalMaterialsScience,Volume47,Issue4,February2010,Pages1005-1015
W.Perret,C.Schwenk,M.Rethmeier
Analyticalandnumericalmethodsareusedtoestimatethetemperaturefieldduetotheheateffectsofwelding.Numericaltechniquesaremoreadaptedforindustrialcomplexapplicationswhereanalyticalsolutionsdonotexistyet.However,computationaltimeismuchlowerwithanalyticalmodelsandacombinationofbothmethodsisinvestigated.Therefore,thetwoapproachesareintroducedandconfrontedinthispaper.Thefinite-elementsoftwareAnsyshasbeenusedfornumericalsimulationsandScilabforanalyticalsimulations.Inordertogetasimilarresultquality,bothmethodshavetobeanalysedandcomparedwithrespecttoboundaryconditions.Theseconfigurationsarepresentedinthispaper.Beforestartinganyanalysis,theanalyticalandnumericalmodels
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