高级英语视听说教程3 文本 unit1234Word下载.docx
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thestudyofman."
How-
ever,asBritishphilosopherAlfredNorthWhiteheadnoted,"
Itisawell-
foundedhistoricalgeneralizationthatthelastthingtobediscoveredin
anyscienceiswhatthescienceisreallyabout."
AndasPaulBohannan,
renownedanthropologist,pointedoutanumberofyearsago,"
Each
sciencethatdealswithpeoplehasitsowndefinitionsofhuman.An
Economist,"
heexplains,"
definesahumanasachoice-makinganimal.
Philosophersdefinemanasarationalizinganimal...."
Anthropology
attemptstobeall-inclusive-thestudyofhumanbehaviorinallplaces
andthroughouttime.Itspecializesinthedescriptionofhumanistic,sci-
entific,biological,historical,psychological,andsocialviewsofhumans.
ToparaphraseBarbaraMiller'
sstatementinhertextbook,Cultural
Anthropology,thepopularimpressionofanthropologyisbasedmainly
onmoviesandtelevisionshowsthatdepictanthropologistsasadven-
turersandheroes.Somedohaveadventuresanddiscovertreasuresin
Egyptiantombsandelsewhere,butmostly,theirworkislessglam-
orousandinvolvesrepetitiveandtediousactivities.Untilaroundthe
middleofthenineteenthcentury,anthropologywasatermusedforall
humanists.Mylecturetodayexplainsthefieldsandbranchesof
anthropology.We'
regoingtobeginbystatingthatanthropologyisthe
studyofhumanbehaviorinallplacesandatalltimes.
Westerncivilizationtakescreditforthedevelopmentofanthropol-
ogy,which,asamatteroffact,wasarelativelylatescience.Earlier
GreekandRomanphilosophersweremoreinterestedinspeculating
abouttheidealsocietyratherthandescribingthoseknowntothem.
AftertheonsetoftheAgeofExploration,whichincludedthe
discoveryoftheAmericas,aswellastraveltootherdistantplaces,the
studyofnon-Westernpeoplebeganinearnest.Inmodernday,anthro-
pologyisarecognizedsocialsciencewithtwobroadfieldsandseveral
branchesorsubfields.
Thetwobroadfieldsarephysicalanthropologyandcultural
anthropology.Letmegiveyouabriefdescriptionofeach.Physical
anthropologyisconcernedwiththedevelopmentofmanasamammal.
Relatedsubjectsareanatomy,biology,andpaleontology.Physicalan-
thropologistsstudytheevolutionofthehumanspecies.Onewaythey
dothisisbythecomparativeanalysisoffossils-preservedremnants
132APPENDIXAofoncellivingcreaturesandlivingprimates,whichincludehuman
beingsorHomosapiens.Commonfossilsareshells,bones,andmolds
orimprints.Thesearefoundburiedintheearthorpermanentlyfrozen
inglaciers.Livingprimatesareanalyzedinordertostudythemechan-
icsofevolutionandgeneticdifferencesamonghumanpopulations.
Nextlet'
stalkaboutculturalanthropology.Thisfieldisthestudy
oflearnedbehaviorinhumansocieties.Mostculturalanthropologists
limitthemselvestoafewgeographicareas,forexample,Margaret
MeadinSamoaandNewGuinea,andClydeKluckhohnwiththe
NavajoIndiansintheSouthwesternUnitedStates.Ishouldmention
thatKluckbohn'
sworkMirrorforManisconsideredoneofthebestin-
troductionstoanthropology.Culturalanthropologyandthescientific
studyofhumanculturewillbediscussedinmoredetailinournext
lecture.Thesubfieldsofculturalanthropologyarearchaeology,linguis-
tics,andethnography.
Archaeologyisthestudyofdifferentculturesthroughmaterial
sourcesratherthandirectinterviewsorobservationsofthegroup
understudy.Oneexampleofafamousarchaeologicalsitediscovered
inthepastcenturywasKingTut'
sTombnearLuxor,Egypt,in1922.
Linguistics,asyouprobablyknow,isthestudyoflanguageascom-
municationamonghumans.Cultureislearnedandtransmitted
primarilythroughlanguage.
Ethnographyisthesystematicdescriptionofhumansocieties,
mostlybasedonfirsthandfieldwork.Basedonethnographies,anthro-
pologistsprovideethnologiesorexplanationsofthebehaviorofdiffer-
entpeoples.Asecondsubfieldofethnographyissocialanthropology.
Socialanthropologyisconcernedwithpeopleassocialbeings.A
relatedsubjectis,ofcourse,sociology.
Letmealsomentionbrieflypsychologicalanthropology,which
dealswithhumanpersonalityandfeelings.Thesearegreatlyinflu-
encedbyanindividual'
sbiologicalandmentalcharacteristics,aswell
asphysicalsurroundingsandpersonalexperiences.Relatedsubjectsare
psychologyandpsychiatry.
Itisimportanttonotethatthereareseveraluniversalscommon
amongallsocieties;
forexample,thebasicsimilaritiesinhumanbiol-
ogyandtheexistenceoftwosexes.Anotheroftheseiseducation-
eitherformalorinformalorboth.Educationisnecessarytoprovidethe
youngwiththeskillsandattitudesneededtocarryonasadults.
So,youmightask,whatarethepracticalapplicationsforsucha
broadfield?
Theansweristhatanthropologyhelpsusplanthefutureand
helpsuscontributetothesolutionofhumanproblems.Thisnewestarea
ofthestudyofmanisappliedanthropology.Formerly,anthropologywas
limitedtotheacademicfield.Anthropologistswereteachersormuseum
curators.Butforthepastseveraldecadeslargenumbersof"
anthro"
grad-
uateshavebeenemployedinfieldssuchasurbanplanningandadminis-
tration,healthcare,andinternationaldevelopment.Mostimportantis
thatalthoughanthropologistshavetakenupthetaskofdocumentingthe
processesandchangesofculturespastandpresent,theyalsoprovidethe
necessaryinsightsintowherethehumanspeciesisheading.
AUDIOSCRIPTS133Chapter1Anthropology:
oB.ListeningandNotetakingScript
ever,asBritishphilosopherAlfredNorthWhiteheadnoted,"
Philosophersdefinemanasarationalizinganimal...."
Anthropologyat-
temptstobeall-inclusive-thestudyofhumanbehaviorinallplaces
andthroughouttime.Itspecializesinthedescriptionofhumanistic,sci-
Let'
sreviewsomeoftheinformationyoujustheardtohelpyou
withyournotetaking.Checkyournotesandfillinanyinformation
youdidn'
thavetimetotakedownthefirsttimeyouheardit.Ifyou
didn'
tgetachancetowritedownallthatyouwantedtowrite
down,didyouatleastmakesomenotationssothatyoucould
reviewthenoteslaterandcompletethemissinginformation.Let'
s
see.ThelecturerbeganwiththeGreekwordforman.Didyouget
thespellingofanthropos!
It'
sa-n-t-b-t-o-p-o-s.Sowhatisthemeaning
ofanthropology!
Literally,itisthestudyofman.Whatwasthe
nameoftheBritishphilosopher!
Didyougethisfullname!
Alfred
NorthWhitehead.Whatwashismessageaboutscience!
Hesaidthe
lastthingtobediscoveredinanyscienceiswhatitisreallyabout.
IsPaulBohannanaphysicalorsocialanthropologist!
You'
recorrect
ifyouwrotesocial.Nowlet'
sreturntothelecture.
Anthropology,thepopularimpressionofanthropologyisbasedmainly
WhatyeardidBarbaraMillerpublishCulturalAnthropology?
Wasit1899or1999!
Accordingtoher,whatistheimpressionof
anthropologybasedon!
Howareanthropologistsdepicted!
Priorto
134APPENDIXAthe1850swhatwastheterm"
anthropology"
usedfor!
Whatisthe
lecturer'
sdefinition!
Whotakescreditforthedevelopmentofan-
thropology!
Whatweretheancientphilosophersinterestedin!
Is
thisinformationinyournotes!
Nowlet'
scontinue.
AftertheonsetoftheAgeofExploration,whichincludedthedis-
coveryoftheAmericas,aswcllastraveltootherdistantplaces,the
anthropologyisconcernedthedevelopmentofmanasamammal.
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