自然建筑与可持续水利工程外文文献翻译Word文件下载.docx
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自然建筑与可持续水利工程外文文献翻译Word文件下载.docx
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外文文献:
Sustainablehydraulicengineeringthroughbuildingwithnature
AbstractHydraulicengineeringinfrastructuresareofconcerntomanypeopleandarelikelytointerferewiththeenvironment.Moreover,theyaresupposedtokeeponfunctioningformanyyears.Intimesofrapidsocietalandenvironmentalchangethisimpliesthatsustainabilityandadaptabilityareimportantattributes.ThesearecentraltoBuildingwithNature(BwN),aninnovativeapproachtohydraulicengineeringinfrastructuredevelopmentandoperation.Startingfromthenaturalsystemandmakinguseofnature'
secosystemservices,BwNattemptstomeetsociety'
sneedsforinfrastructuralfunctionality,andtocreateroomfornaturedevelopmentatthesametime.Byincludingnaturalcomponentsininfrastructuredesigns,flexibility,adaptabilitytochangingenvironmentalconditionsandextrafunctionalitiesandecosystemservicescanbeachieved,oftenatlowercostsonalife-cyclebasisthan‘traditional’engineeringsolutions.Thepapershowsbyanumberofexamplesthatthisrequiresadifferentwayofthinking,actingandinteracting.
Keywords:
Buildingwithnature;
Sustainability;
Infrastructure;
Hydraulicengineering;
Ecosystemservices;
Design
1.Introduction
Present-daytrendsinsociety(urbanizationofdeltaareas,growingglobaltradeandenergydemand,stakeholderemancipation,etc.)andintheenvironment(reducingbiodiversity,climatechange,acceleratedrelativesealevelrise,etc.)puteverhigherdemandsonengineeringinfrastructures.Mono-functionalsolutionsdesignedwithoutdueconsiderationofthesurroundingsystemarenolongeraccepted.Sustainability,multi-functionalityandstakeholderinvolvementarerequiredinstead.Thistrendequallyappliestohydraulicengineeringworksandtheassociatedwatersystemmanagement.Thedesignofhydraulicengineeringprojectsisnolongertheexclusivedomainofhydraulicengineers.Collaborationwithotherdisciplines,suchasecology,economy,socialsciencesandadministrativesciencesiscrucialtocometoacceptablesolutions.Thespecialistsinvolvedinsuchdesignprojectsmustlearnhowtoputforwardtheirexpertiseinmuchmorecomplexdecisionmakingprocessesthanbefore:
beingrightaccordingtothelawsofphysicsnolongerguaranteesbeingheardinsuchprocesses.Ifthisrealityisignored,itmayleadtolongandcostlydelaysofprojects,asstakeholdersandotherinterestedpartiesarebecomingevermoreproficientinusingthelegalopportunitiestoopposedevelopmentsandhavedecisionspostponed.IntheNetherlandsthecourt-casesthatdelayedtherealisationoftheextensionoftheRotterdamharbourtaughtanexpensivelesson,keepingtheinvestmentsintheinitiation,planninganddesignphasesoftheprojectwithoutanyreturnforalongtime.
Thisandotherexperiencestriggeredtheawarenessthatprojectsshouldbedevelopeddifferently,withnatureandstakeholderinterestsincorporatedrightfromthestart.Inotherwords:
fromareactiveapproach,minimizingandmitigatingtheimpactsofasetdesign,toapro-activeone,optimizingonallfunctionsandecosystemservices.AlthoughinprincipletheconceptofBuildingwithNature(BwN)isbroaderthanhydraulicengineering,wewillfocushereonwater-relatedprojects.Thispaper,whichisanextensionofDeVriend(2013),discussestheprojectdevelopmentstepsastheyhavebeensuggestedbytheBwNinnovationprogrammeandillustratestheirusebydescribinganumberofhydraulicengineeringprojectsinwhichtheconcepthasbeentestedandsomeotherexampleswheresuccessfulapplicationistobeexpected.
2.Thebuildingwithnature(BwN)concept
2.1.Generalprinciples
BuildingwithNature(BwN)isaboutmeetingsociety'
sinfrastructuraldemandsbystartingfromthefunctioningofthenaturalandsocietalsystemsinwhichthisinfrastructureistoberealized.Theaimisnotonlytocomplywiththesesystems,butalsotomakeoptimumuseofthemandatthesametimecreatenewopportunitiesforthem.Thisapproachisinlinewiththeneedtofinddifferentwaysofoperationanditrequiresadifferentwayofthinking,actingandinteracting(DeVriendandVanKoningsveld,2012;
DeVriendetal.,2014).
2.1.1.Thinking
Thinkingdoesnotstartfromacertaindesignconceptfocussingontheprimaryfunction,butratherfromthenaturalsystem,itsdynamics,functionsandservices,andfromthevestedinterestsofstakeholders.Withinthiscontext,oneseeksoptimalsolutionsforthedesiredinfrastructuralfunctionality.
2.1.2.Acting
Theprojectdevelopmentprocessrequiresdifferentacting,becauseitismorecollaborativeandextendsbeyondthedeliveryoftheengineeringobject.Thenaturalcomponentsembeddedintheprojectwilltaketimetodevelopafterwards,andonehastomakesuretheyfunctionasexpected.Postdeliverymonitoringandprojectionsintothefutureareanintegralpartoftheproject.Thisalsocreatesopportunitiestolearnalotmorefromtheseprojectsthanfromtraditionalones(seealsoGareletal.,2014).
2.1.3.Interacting
BwNprojectdevelopmentisamatterofco-creationbetweenexpertsfromdifferentdisciplines,problemownersandstakeholders(e.g.,Temmermanetal.,2013).Thisrequiresadifferentattitudeofallpartiesinvolvedanddifferentwaysofinteraction,ininterdisciplinarycollaborativesettingsratherthaneachactortakingawayhistaskandexecutingitinrelativeisolation.
2.2.Designsteps
Projectdevelopment,albeititeratively,generallygoesthroughanumberofconsecutivephases.TheBwNinnovationprogrammedistinguished‘initiation’,‘planninganddesign’,‘construction’and‘operationandmaintenance’.BwNsolutionsmaybeintroducedineachprojectphaseintheformofecologicallypreferableandmoresustainableapproaches.Althoughthereisroomforimprovementinanyphase,theearliertheapproachisembracedintheprojectdevelopmentprocess,thegreaterisitspotentialimpact.
Animportantstartingpointforanydevelopmentshouldbetheenvironmentathand.AkeycharacteristicthatdistinguishesaBwNdesignfromotherintegratedapproachesistheproactiveutilizationand/orprovisionofecosystemservicesaspartoftheengineeringsolution.Thefollowingdesignstepsweredeveloped,testedandsupportedbyscientificknowledgeintheBwNinnovationprogramme(DeVriendandVanKoningsveld,2012;
EcoShape,2012):
●Step1:
Understandthesystem(includingecosystemservices,valuesandinterests).
—Thesystemtobeconsidereddependsontheprojectobjectives.Theprojectobjectivesareinfluencedbythesystem(problems,opportunities);
—Informationaboutthesystemathandcan/shouldbederivedfromvarioussources(historic,academic,localetc.);
—Lookforuserfunctionsandeco-systemservicesbeyondthoserelevantfortheprimaryobjective.
●Step2:
Identifyrealisticalternativesthatuseand/orprovideecosystemservices.
—Takeaninvertedperspectiveandturntraditionalreactiveperspectivesintoproactiveonesutilizingand/orprovidingecosystemservices;
—Involveacademicexperts,fieldpractitioners,communitymembers,businessowners,decisionmakersandotherstakeholdersintheformulationofalternatives.
●Step3:
Evaluatethequalitiesofeachalternativeandpreselectanintegralsolution.
—Morevaluedoesnotnecessarilyimplyhigherconstructioncost;
—Daretoembraceinnovativeideas,testthemandshowhowtheyworkoutinpracticalexamples;
—Performacost-benefitanalysisincludingvaluationofnaturalbenefits;
—Involvestakeholdersinthevaluationandselectionprocess.
●Step4:
Fine-tunetheselectedsolution(practicalrestrictionsandthegovernancecontext).
—Considertheconditions/restrictionsprovidedbytheproject(negotiable/non-negotiable);
—Implementationofsolutionsrequiresinvolvementofanetworkofactorsandstakeholders.
●Step5:
Preparethesolutionforimplementationinthenextprojectphase.
—Makeessentialelementsofthesolutionexplicittofacilitateuptakeinthenextphase(appropriatelevelofdetailvariesperphase);
—Prepareanappropriaterequestforproposals,termsofreferenceorcontract(permitting);
—Organiserequiredfunding(multi-source);
—Prepareriskanalysisandcontingencyplans.
Fundamentaltotheabovedesignstepsisathoroughknowledgeofhowthenaturalsystemfunctionsandacorrectinterpretationofthesignalstobereadfromitsbehaviour.Thelattermayindicateinwhatdirectionthesystemisevolving,howbesttointegratethedesiredinfrastructureintoitandhowtomakeuseoftheecosystemservicesavailable.Theymayalsoprovideanearlywarningofadversedevelopments,orindicateanincreasedsensitivitytonaturalhazards.Investinginincreasedunderstandingofthenaturalsystemanditsinherentvariabilitydoesnotonlypayofftotherealisationoftheprojectathand,butalsotothesystem'
soverallmanagement.
2.3.Spectrumofapplicability
WhatkindofBwNsolutionmaybeappliedinagivensituation,beitcoastalorriverine,sandyormuddyordominatedbylivingcomponents,isgovernedbytheambientphysicalsystem.Practicalexperiencehasshownthatfourparametersspanuparangeofpotentialapplications:
bedslope,hydrodynamicenergy,salinityandgeoclimaticregion(e.g.,temperateortropical).
2.3.1.Flatslopes
Inlow-slopeenvironmentsgenericBwNsolutionscanbecompletelysediment-based.Thisistrueforbothsalineandfresh
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