苏州大学成人学位考试语言学Word格式文档下载.docx
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苏州大学成人学位考试语言学Word格式文档下载.docx
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onewhohassomething.Tony’suncleisateacher.
5.positiveface踊跃体面P167:
thepositiveconsistentself-imageor“personality”(cruciallyincludingthedesirethatthisself-imagebeappreciatedandapprovedof)claimedbyinteractants..:
Youareexcellent.
6.phoneme音位P26:
itistheminimaldistinctiveunitinthesoundsystem.Itispronouncedinonewayormoreways,dependingonthenumberofallophones,itisrepresentedby//(slashes)..:
/t//p//l/
7.performativeutterance施为话语P144:
ischaracterizedbytheuseoffirstpersonsubject,simplepresenttense,indicativemood,activevoiceandaperformativeverb(like“promise”and“apologize”),andcanbetestedbytheinsertionof“hereby”.
IpromiseI’llcomebacktomorrowontime.Ideclarethemeetingopen.
8.negativeface消极体面P167:
thebasicclaimtoterritories,personalpreserves,rightstonon-distraction..tofreedomofactionandfreedomfromimposition..:
You’dbetternotsmokehere.
9.morpheme语素,词素P48:
Thesmallestgrammaticalunitinwhichthereisanarbitraryunionofsoundandmeaning,aunitwhichcannotbefurtherdividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning..:
“suitable”hastwomorphemes,onebeing“suit”andtheother“-able”.
10.metonymicreasoning转喻性思维P124:
traditionally,themetonymyisafigureofspeech,butnowadaysitisalsousedasthewayofthinkorreasoning..:
Silksuitsyou.Here,“silk”standsfortheclothesmadeofsilk.Weneedmorehands.Here“hands”standsforpeople.
11.truth-conditionalsemantics真值条件语言学:
isanapproachtosemanticsofnaturallanguagethatseesthemeaningofasentencebeingthesameas,orreducibleto,theofthatsentence..:
Snowiswhite.
12.theme述位P126:
theoneorthingthatundergoesanaction.Tomfoundthedog.
13.synonymy同义关系P105:
Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaningorwecansaythatwordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms..:
buyandpurchase,worldanduniverse
14.syllable音节P29:
speechsoundsinEnglishareorganizedintolargersegmentsorunitscalledsyllables./let/,forexample,consistsofonesyllable(CVC),andsodoes/stei/(CCVV),whereas/ri’ga:
d/consistsoftwosyllables(CV-CVC).
15.source来源P126:
theplacefromwhichanactionoriginates.MaryleftBeijingforNanjing.
16.metaphoricreasoning隐喻性思维P124:
traditionally,themetaphorisafigureofspeech,butnowadaysitisalsousedasthewayofthinkorreasoning..:
Timeismoney.Knowledgeispower.
17.location动作发生的地址P126:
theplacewhereanactionhappens.Thebookisputonthetable.
18.instrument工具P126:
themeansbywhichanactionisperformed.Samopenedthedoorwiththekey.Thekeyopenedthedoor.
19.indirectspeechact间接言语行为P145:
Indailylife,peopleoftenperformoneactviaanotherlinguisticallyaswellasnon-linguistically.Forexample,"
Wouldyouliketomeetmeforcoffee?
"
thenanotherreplies,"
Ihaveclass."
Thesecondspeakerusedanindirectspeechacttorejecttheproposal.Ifarobbersaystohisvictim“Iadviseyoutogivemeallinyourpocket.”,heisnotreallyadvising,butthreatening.
20.impersonalization非人格化P167:
adeviceusedeithertoavoidmentioningoneselfortheinterlocutor,ortoappealtoapublicruleorinstitutionalregulation..:
Istheresomemoresoup?
Issmokingallowedhere?
Smokingisnotallowedhere,sir.
21.hyponymy上下义关系(P76):
Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusiveword(thesuperordinate)andamorespecificword(thehyponym).Forexample,orange,appleandbananaarehyponymsoffruit.
22.goal目标P126:
theplacetowhichanactionisdirected..:
SamleftBeijingforNanjing.
23.functionalshift功能转换法P49:
whenawordshiftsitstraditionalpartofspeech,itiscalledfunctionalshift.Forexample,traditionally,thepartofspeechoftheword“eye”isanoun,butsometimesitisalsocanbeusedasaverb,asin“Sheeyedmejustnow”
24.familyresemblance家族相似性P124:
thereisnothingthatiscommontoallgames,butratherthatgamesheldcertainsimilaritiesandrelationswitheachother.theyallbearsimilaritiestoeachother,althoughonecannotpointtoasinglepropertythatallhaveincommon.AB,BC,CD,DE
25.experiencer体验者P126:
Onewhoperceivessomething.Jimwassad.
26.exophoricreference外照顾P89:
itpointstoarelationbetweenanentityinthesituationalcontextandalinguisticiteminthetext(asin“Heisthemanyouwanttosee!
”saidwhenthementionedpersoncomesuptothespeaker).
27.entailment蕴涵P147:
relationbetweenpropositionsoneofwhichnecessarilyfollowsfromtheother.:
.“Johnhasaboy.”entailing“Johnhasachild.”
28.endophoricreference内照顾P89:
itreferstotherelationbetweentwolinguiaticitemsinthesametext..Iboughtabookyesterday.Itcostme10yuan.
29.deicticexpression指示语:
Expressionswhosefullmeaningdependontheextra-linguisticcontextinwhichitisusedarecalleddeicticexpressions.Forexample:
Isthatyourcar?
30.coordinatesentence并列句P51:
Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"
and"
"
but"
or"
..I’mateacherandmywifeisapublicservant.
31.constativeutterance表述话语P144:
thedescriptionsoffactsorstatesofaffairs.Forexample,“Ipoursomeliquidintothetube.”“Theearthisround.”
potonentialanalysis语义成份分析P104:
technically,theprocessthatbreaks
downthemeaningofawordintoitsminimaldistinctivefeaturesorpropertiesusingfeaturesymbolsiscalledcompotonentialanalysis..:
boy--[+HUMAN][+MALE][-ADULT]woman--[+HUMAN][-MALE][+ADULT]
plexsentence复合句P51:
wehaveacomplexsentencewhenoneormoreclausesareembeddedintoamainclausetocommunicatepurpose,reason,time,place,manner,orconcession..:
Thisistheplacewheremyfatherworked10yearsago.
34.clause小句,从句P51:
aclauseinEnglishisoneunitoforganizationthatcontainsasubject-predicatestructure.
35.causative自然力P126:
anaturalforcethatcausesafloodkilled25.
36.cataphoricreference后指照顾P89:
itdenotesarelationbetweenthecurrentpronominalitemandthelateroccurringexpression.(asin“ThisiswhatJohndoesforJane:
hesendabunchofrosestohereveryday.”)
37.blending混成法P49:
arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords..:
Theword“smog”representstheblendingof“smoke”and“fog”.Brunchbreakfastandlunch
38.back-formation逆成法P49:
anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage..:
theword“edit”illustratestheback-formationfromthepre-existingword“editor”bydeletingtheassumedsuffix“-or”.beggarbeg
39.antonymy反义关系(P76):
Thetermantonymyisusedforoppositenessofmeaning.
40.anaphoricreference前指照顾P89:
itinvolvesarelationbetweenaprecedingreferentialexpressionoranantecedentandthecurrentpronominalitem(asin“JohnlovesJane.Hetakesgreatcareofher.”)
41.analogy类推法P50:
theprocessbywhichwordsarereformedorcreatedonthemodelofexistinggrammaticalterms.Forexample,zipper-gate,football-gate,Watergate
42.allophone音位变体P26:
isthephoneticvariantsofaphonemeinaparticularlanguage.Thephoneme/t/hasfourallophones.Asintheword“teacher”,weget[th].In“stay”,weget[t].In“later”,weget[τ].In“let”,weget[t┐].
43.agent施动/事者P126:
the(animate)onewhoperformanaction.Samopenthedoor.ThedoorwasopenedbySam.
44.affixation词缀法P49:
aletteroragroupofletter,whichisaddedtoaword,andwhichchangesthemeaningorfunctionoftheword,includingprefix,infixandsuffix.Forexample,workworker,visitvisitor,carecareless,possibleimpossible
45.adjacencypair毗邻对子P89:
aninitiation,sayaquestionorarequest,bythefirstspeakerandtheresponsebythesecondspeaker,likeananswertothequestionorcompliancewiththerequest,formanadjacencypair.Forexample,“what’syourname?
”“MynameisTom.”
Questions:
1.Howdoacronymandinitialismdiffer?
P49
anacronymisapronounceablewordformedfromtheinitialletterorlettersoftheconstituentwords,suchasOPEC,UNESCO,SARS.Andaninitialismisanabbreviationpronouncedasthenamesoftheindividualletters,andisformedonlyfromtheinitialletterofconstituentwords,suchasUN,USA,WTO.
2.Howarephoneticsandphonologydifferentfromeachother?
P25(P)
Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;
itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:
howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;
itaimstodiscoverhowsp
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