史禺老师托福强化班写作讲义框架总结文档格式.docx
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史禺老师托福强化班写作讲义框架总结文档格式.docx
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审题注意:
1.价值判断还是现象证明
包含shouldimportantnecessarybetterprefer的题目是价值判断其核心为利弊分析
不包含上述词的题目是现象证明,核心是拆分举例,结合解释原因。
2.是否包含抽象或宽泛话题,如果包含,一定要拆分举例
3.是否包含抽象或宽泛话题,如果包含,一定要拆分举例
4.是否包含绝对词,对于这类题目的反驳(承认合理性,反驳绝对词)较容易。
5.是否包含因果或条件关系
包含因果关系:
证明:
证明原因;
证明因果关系。
---增加中间因果链“架桥”
反驳:
反驳原因;
承认原因,反驳因果关系。
---原因不是结果成立的充分条件。
包含条件关系(视为因果关系的简单版本)
●2.2展开充分welldeveloped
对thesis的well-developed:
subpoints(一般为3个);
对每个sub-point内部的well-developed
用分词简洁表达因果关系
●2.3清晰clear正确correct简洁concise有变化varied
清晰—不迷恋低频词;
不迷恋长句(topicsentence一般10~15words;
大多数supportingsentences20~30w)
正确---练习typing
简洁---增加有效信息
变化---词句的变化,最重要的是content的变化,不断具体化
Section2Structureofanessay
开头introduction(30w)
主体body(300w)
结尾conclusion(15w)
1.开头introduction
背景generalbackground(一般情况下必选,除非特殊性写不出背景)
要求:
简洁,过渡自然
改写题目(必选)Paraphrasetopic
改写的方法:
同义词替换;
改变名词位置;
具体代替抽象
引用quotation(可选)
1.名人famouspeople
2.平常人ordinarypeople
观点(必选)thesis
四种thesis:
绝对的(Iagree/disagree);
让步的(despite/although/though);
有例外的(basically);
分情况的(case-by-case)
2.主体body
Subpoint(bodyparagraph)—3个字数大于80w
每个subpoint有且仅有一个TopicTS要前置,要简短,要涵盖所有supportingsentences
Subpoint之间的关系:
互斥ME(mutuallyExclusive)意味着不包含和不重叠,不可互为因果,特别是在抽象题目中,解决办法是—拆分。
3.结尾conclusion
重申thesis
Section3Thesis
①绝对的常用表达:
(totally,completely)agree/disagree–在所有情况下agree/disagree,不承认例外;
只使用有利内容
②让步的常用表达:
agree/disagreedespite/although/though—“大正小负”,“大负小正”,不仅使用有利内容而且使用不利内容但加以反驳
③有例外的常用表达:
basicallyagree/disagree---大多数情况下agree/disagree承认存在例外,“折中”
④分情况讨论的常用表达:
case-by-case---不同case中agree/disagree无法确定多数情况和例外,“骑墙”
●如何对“让步”进行反驳---转化;
解决措施;
次要方面
转化法:
admittedly+让步内容However(转折),ifviewedfromadifferentperspective,italsomeans+有利因素
解决措施:
admittedly+让步内容However(转折),aslongas+解决措施,theproblemwillbesolved/thereisnoneedtoworryabout
次要方面:
admittedly+让步内容However(转折)onbalance+让步seemstobesecondary/minor
Section4Brainstormsubpoints
利弊分析
1.Cost---Cheap(Economicalcost-effective)/lesscosts/reducecosts
---Expensive(Costlyexorbitant)/morecosts/imposeafinancialburden
2.Income
3.Safety
4.Convenience
5.Physicalexercise
6.Stress
7.Information
8.Academicperformance
9.Socialskills
10.Learnvaluesandbuildcharacter
11.Personalrelationship
12.Environment---eco-friendly
---negativeimpacts
拆分举例
Principle
Mutuallyexclusive
Collectivelyexhaustive
Object---noun
People
Careers:
students/businessmen/politicians/sportsmen/scientists/actors/writers
Ages:
children/teenagers;
adults;
oldpeople
Disadvantagedpeople:
blackpeople;
women
Life---traffic;
communication;
information;
education;
entertainment;
shopping;
environment
relationship
Family—parentsandchildren;
husbandsandwives
Friends
Colleagues
Employeesandemployers
Usefulexpressions
Let’sconsider__
Thesamelogicappliesto___
Thisissamecasewith___
Exceptiondoexistwhenitcomesto___,itisadifferentstory.
Section5Developsubpoints
1.解释
两种:
TS和cla.
Topicsentence—explanation---example
Classification(拆分)---examples---conclusion
2.重复
3.例证
如何举例证明:
具体化(多点、多层的)
一般性例证(generalexample)
个人经历(personalexperiences)
名人例证(famouspeople)
TOEFL写作常用名人例证
Persistent
FranklinDRooseveltcontractedPolioattheageof39.Hefoughtthediseasewithtremendouscourageandpersistence.(富兰克林·
罗斯福小儿麻痹)
Beethovennearlylosthishearinginhislaterlife.Despitehisdeterioratingconditions,heremainedoptimisticandcomposedseveralmasterpieces,includingthefamousSymphonyNO.9,completedthreeyearsbeforehisdeath.(贝多芬)
In1996,LanceArmstrongwasdiagnosedwithadvancedtesticularcancer,whichhadspreadtohislungsandbrains.Doctorssaidhehadnomorethana50%chanceofsurvival.Hehadonetesticleremovedandunderwentchemotherapy.Oneyearlater,hereturnedtocyclingtowinsevenTourdeFrancechampionships.兰斯·
阿姆斯特朗美国职业自行车赛选手
Hardwork
Balzacworked15hoursadayforadecade.Theresultwasacollectionofmorethan90novelscollectivelytitledTheHumanComedy.(巴尔扎克)
MarieCurieandherhusbandobtainedagramofRadiumfrom8tonsofpitchblendein7years.
Luck
Roentgenaccidentallydiscoveredamysteriousradiationwhichcanexposefilmskeptinadarklaboratory.Thediscoverywastheworld-famousX-rays,whichwonhimthefirstNobelPrizeinphysics.(伦琴)
Archimedes,greatGreekmathematiciansandengineer,discoveredtheFloatingBodyPrinciplewhengettingintoabathtubfullofwater.(阿基米德)
AlexanderFleming,Scottishbiologist,accidentallydiscoveredthataculturewascontaminatedbyafungus,whichdestroyedallsurroundingbacterium.Thediscoverywasthelegendarypenicillin.(弗莱明—青霉素)
Creativeness
Attheturnofthe20thcentury,Americanautomobileproducersbelievedthatcarsshouldbealuxuryonlyfortherich.Defyingtheconventionalwisdom.HenryFordproducedModel-T,thefirstaffordablemass-producedcar.Over15millionModelTshadbeensold.
SteveJobs,attheageof21,assembledthefirstApplecomputerinhisparents’garage.Later,hedesignedMac,thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulpersonalcomputerwithamouseandagraphicinterface.AfterreturningtoApple,hedesignedandmarketedwildlysuccessfulproducts,e.g.i-Podandi-Mac,whichsavedtheApplefrombankruptcy.
LarryPageandSergeyBrininventedthePageRanktechnology,whichdeterminesawebsite’srankingbythenumbersofwebsiteslinkingtoitandtheirimportance.Thismethodwasaconsiderableimprovementonthepreviousone,whichdeterminesawebsite’simportancesimplybycountinghowmanytimesthesearchrequestappearsonit..(拉里·
佩奇谢尔盖·
布林谷歌创始人)
Emulation
BillGatesisfamousforhisabilityofimprovingonexistingideasandmakingthemostofthem.MS-DOSwasanimprovementonDOS,aproductoftheSeattleComputers.WindowsborrowedagreatdealfromtheMac.AndtheInternetExplorerwasthecopyoftheNetscape.
Baidu,themostinfluentialsearchengineinChina,copiedGoogle’ssearchingtechnologyanditsbusinessmodel.ButduetoitsChina-focusedmarketingstrategy,ithassurpassedintheChinesemainlandmarket.
Teamwork
MichaelJordanhadnotwonasinglechampionshipinhisfirst6yearsinNBA.AftertheBullsrecruitedsomeofthebestplayers,e.g.PippenandRodman,andadoptedthefamousTriangleOffense,whichputsemphasisoncooperation,theybecamethemostformidableteamoftheleague.Theywon6NBAchampionshipsin8years.
ApolloProgramrankedamongthegreatesthumanachievementsinscienceinthe20thcentury.In1969,theprogramlandedNeilArmstrongonthesurfaceoftheMoon.Theprogramwasanationaljointeffortonatremendousscale.About300universities,20000companiesand300000individualscontributedtothisprogram.
Individualism
InthelastgameoftheNBAfinalsinthe1997-1998season,MichaelJordanscoredthelastbasket,ajumpshotwith5.2secondsleft.ThatshotgavetheBullsan87-86victoryovertheUtahJazzandtheirsixthNBAchampionship.
Hannibal,thegreatgeneralofCarthage,ledhistroopsandseveralAfricanwarelephantsacrosstheicyAlps.Themarchhassincebecomeoneofthegreatestmilitaryfeatsofalltime.(汉尼拔北非古国迦太基Carthage著名军事家)
AfterbeingdefeatedbytheAlliedtroopsandexiledtoaremoteisland,Napoleonescaped.Whenaregimentwassenttointercepthim,Napoleonapproachedthetroopsalone,dismountedthehorse,anddeclared,“HereIam,Killyouremperor,ifyouwill.”Thetroopssurrendered.(拿破仑)
Risk/Danger
BenjaminFranklinputforwardatheorythatlightningiselectricity.Inordertotesthie\stheory,hemadeakiteandflewitduringathunderstorm.(本杰明·
富兰克林)
AlfredNobel,Swedishchemistandphilanthropist,inordertodiscoverasafeexplosive,carriedoutnumerousdangerousexperiments.Inoneinstance,amajorexplosionhappened,killingfivepeople,includinghisyoungerbrother.
BillGates,inhisjunioryear,againstthestrongoppositionofhisparents,droppedoutofHarvardCollegetodevoteallhisenergyandtimetoMicrosoft,whichhadbeenfoundedonlyayearago.
Concentration
HenryFordspecializedincar-making.
Rockefellermademostofhisfortuneinoil.
BillGatesinvestedmuchofhisenergyandtimeinMicrosoft.
TheCuriesobtainedonegramofradiumfrom8tonsofpitchblendein7years.
Takeonnewchallenges
LeonardodaVinci,iswidelyconsideredoneofthegreatestpaintersofalltimeandperhapsthemostversatilemanwhoeverlived.daVincimadestunningachievementsinvastlydiversefields:
painting,sculpture,music,science,math,engineeringandanatomy(解剖学).
Schwarzenegger,anAustrianvillageboywhomigratedtotheUSandbarelyspokeEnglish,islivingproofoftheAmericanDream:
hestartedasabodybuilder,becameaninternationalmoviestar,andsuccessfullywontheelectionforthegovernorofCalifornia.(Schwarzenegger=GovernorArnold阿诺德施瓦辛格)
Money
Richpeoplewhoaresuccessful
SteveJobs,WarrenBuffet,ThomasEdison,AlfredNobel,TigerWoods,YaoMing---Thesearegreatpeople,byhardwork,courageandcreativeness,createdgreatfortuneandmadetheworldabetterplacetolive.Theyaresuccessfulpeople.
Poorpeoplewhoaresuccessful
VincentvanGogh,oneofthemostinfluentialpaintersandpioneerofExpr
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- 老师 托福 强化 写作 讲义 框架 总结
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