Unit FourLanguage and CultureWord格式.docx
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Unit FourLanguage and CultureWord格式.docx
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Whatsentenceisthelongestintheworld?
Whichpartoftheclockisalwaysold?
WhyisAdam’sfirstdaythelongest?
WhatWeSayInfluencesWhat
WeThink,WhatWeFeel
andWhatWeBelieve
1.RelationshipBetweenL&
C
Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself.Yetinadditiontoitsdictionarymeanings,thesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsinpeople.Taketheworddogforexample.
Fromtheabove,wecaninferthatlanguagenotonlyexpressesfacts,ideas,oreventswhichrepresentsimilarworldknowledgebyitspeople,butalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudes,beliefs,worldoutlooks,etc.inaword,languageexpressesculturalreality.
Languageisapartofculture.Itisoneofthefeaturesthatdistinguishmanfromanimals.Itisthekeystoneofculture.文化的冠石
Languageisnotamatterofneutralcodesandgrammaticalrules.Eachtimeweselectwords,formsentences,andsendamessage,eitheroralorwritten,wealsomakeculturalchoices.(seeexamplesonp119)
First,asamirrorofculture,languageisstronglyinfluencedandshapedbyculture;
itreflectstheenvironmentinwhichweliveandculturalvalues.
Forexamples:
Languagereflectstheenvironments.
1)TheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnowtodistinguishamongdifferenttypesofsnow.However,inAmazonareasnowisnotpartoftheenvironment,therefore,peopleinthatregiondonothaveawordforsnow.
2)MostAmericans’snowvocabulary---snow,powdersnow,sleet,slush,blizzard,andice.p.120
3)Germany---northpart(beer),southpart(wine)p.120
4)TherearemorethanfourhundredwordsforcamelinArabic.
5)Japanese---fish
6)Distinctionbetweendew,fogandsnowinEnglishisnotfoundinKoyasofIndia,oneoftheleadingcommunitiesofLakshadweep.
AKoyadistinguishes7differentkindsofbamboo
Languagereflectsculturalvalues.
1)Greekborrowingweremostlyliterary,technicalandscientificwords:
drama,comedy,physics,lexicon,physics,criterionetc.
2)Themythof“God”inAncientGreekandRomeformstheimportantpartofEuropeanculture(esp.inliterature):
Zeus,Apollo,Muse,Venus,Jupiteretc.
3)Chinese:
皇后、皇贵妃、妃、嫔、贵人等
4)English:
公爵(duke)、伯爵(earl)、子爵(viscount)、男爵(baron)等。
5)Navajo/Navahodonothaveawordforlatep.120
6)Thedifficultiesoverthewordmananap.120-121
7)Differentculturesuseidenticalwordsthathaveratherdifferentmeanings.p.121
Second,languagealsoexertsitsinfluenceonculture.Eachlanguagecanbeusedtoexpresswhateveritsspeakerwantstoexpress.
Butincertainlanguagescertainconceptscanbeexpressedmoreeasily,suchasthekinshiptermsinChinese.TheyhelptoreinforcetheconceptofkinshipwhichisimportanttotheChinesepeople.
Kinshipterms:
(p.125)
Translate:
(p.126)
a.林黛玉的母亲是贾宝玉的姑母,贾宝玉的母亲是林黛玉的舅母,又是薛宝钗的姨母。
b.ThreecousinsoftheFrenchPresidentswerealsotoreceivediamonds.
Tosumup,therelationshipofLtoCisthatofparttowhole,forLispartofC.
Sincetheknowledgeandbeliefsthatconstituteapeople’sculturearehabituallyencodedandtransmittedinL,itisextremelydifficulttoseparatethetwo.Theyinfluenceandshapeeachother.
Humanslearntheirculturethroughlanguage.Cultureistransmittedthroughlanguage.
Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculturalinformation.Withoutlanguage,culturewouldbeimpossible.
Ontheonehand,languageasanintegralpartofhumanbeing,permeateshisthinkingandwayofviewingtheworld.Languagebothexpressesandembodiesculturalreality.
Ontheotherhand,language,asaproductofculture,helpsperpetuatetheculture,andthechangesinlanguageusesreflecttheculturalchangesinreturn.(moreexamples---p.122-123)
EdwardSapirandBenjaminWhorf,proclaimedthatthestructureofthelanguagepeoplehabituallyuseinfluencesthewaystheythinkandbehave,i.e.differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround,theythinkandspeakdifferently,thisisalsoknownaslinguisticrelativity.
SapirandWhorfbelievethatlanguagefilterspeople’sperceptionandthewaytheycategorizeexperiences.ThisinterdependenceoflanguageandthoughtisnowknownasSapir-WhorfHypothesis.
Sapir-WhorfHypothesis
Linguisticdeterminism:
Lmaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.(strongversion)
Linguisticrelativity:
differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround.(weakversion)
Sapir–WharfHypothesis
English:
horseshoe
French:
ferà
cheval—ironforhorse
German:
hufeisen——hoofiron
天生有福
English:
“生来嘴里就含着一把银勺”(bornwithasilverspooninone’smouth)
Russian:
“穿着衬衣生下来的”
German:
“梳好了头才出世的”
“一箭双雕”或“一举两得”
“一石打死二鸟”(tokilltwobirdswithonestone)
French:
“一块石头打两处”
Russian:
“一枪打死两只免子”
“一个拍子打两只苍蝇”
Chinese:
不入虎穴,焉得虎子
Japanese:
KOKETSUNIIRAZUMBAKOJIEZU“withoutenteringthetiger’sden,youcannotcapturethetiger’spup”
English:
Nothingventured,nothinggained.
French:
Quinerisquerienn'
arien.
Chicken---inEnglishmeansacoward,apersonwithoutcourage,butinChinesemeansaprostitute
Thevocabularyandmorphologyofdifferentlanguagesdifferinthewaythattheyrepresenttheworld.
(LinguisticEvidenceofCulturalDifferences)
Termsofaddress
Greetings
Thanksandcompliments
Privacyandtaboos
Colorwords
Wordsandcultural-specificconnotations
Theuseofdirectandindirectlanguage
Termsofaddress
InEnglish
Mr.Mrs.Miss.MsSirMadam
InChinese:
TongzhiShifu
Mr.Miss
Uncle,aunt,grandpa,granny(UncleZhang,GrannyLi)
ChairmanHu,PremierWen,DirectorMa
InEnglish:
Hello.
Hi.
Howareyou?
Howdoyoudo?
Howareyougettingon?
How’severythinggoing?
How’severythingwithyou?
Aniceday,isn’tit?
ThanksandCompliments
PrivacyandTaboos
Howoldareyou?
Whatareyourwages?
Howmuchdoyouearn?
Youmakealotofmoney,don’tyou?
Howmuchdidthatpairofshoescostyou?
Weshouldbecarefultoavoidexpressionsrelatedtosexualintercourse,someorganofhuman,swearwords,age,four-letterwords,personalmatters,politicalviewandracism.
ColorWords
Whatdoesgreenwithenvymean?
Dopeopleturngreenwhentheyhavefeelingsofenvy?
IfPaulwasinabluemood,whatkindofmoodwashein?
Washejoyful,excited,sad,orwhat?
Whatisaredletterday?
blueMonday?
green-eyed?
browneyes?
Mr.Brownisaverywhiteman.Hewaslookingrathergreentheotherday.Hehasbeenfeelingbluelately.WhenIsawhim,hewasinabrownstudy.Ihopehe’llsoonbeinthepinkagain.
布朗先生是一位忠实可靠的人。
那天他脸色不好,近来感到闷闷不乐。
我见到他时,他显得心事重重。
我希望他早点振作起来。
Differentmeaningsofthefollowingcolorwordsp.124-125
Red
Green
Yellow
Blue
White
Black
CulturalAssociationofColorsMore---refertop.124-125
Red
(1)
红旗redflag
红糖brownsugar
红茶blacktea
红榜honorroll
红豆lovepea
红运goodluck
红利dividend
红事wedding
redwine红葡萄酒
redruin火灾
redbattle血战
redsky彩霞
red-carpet隆重的/上宾待遇的
red-pencil修改,检查,删除
redball(俚)货运快车/铁路特快货车
redcent(口)一分钱/毫厘
redgold(古)真金/金钱
Red
(2)
贾宝玉神游太虚境,警幻仙曲演红楼梦。
JiaoBaoyuvisitstheLandofIllusion;
AndthefairyDisenchantmentperformstheDreamofGoldenDays.
贾宝玉品茶栊翠庵,刘姥姥醉窝怡红院。
JiaBaoyutastessomesuperiorteaatGreenBowerHermitage;
AndGrannieLiusamplesthesleepingaccommodationatGreenDelights.
Green
(1)
“嫉妒、眼红”
greeneye眼红
greenwithenvy羡慕极了
greenwithjealousy十分嫉妒
green-eyedmonster嫉妒/妒忌
inagreenrage怒气冲天
Green
(2)
“钱财、钞票、有经济实力”
InAmericanpoliticalelectionsthecandidatesthatwinareusuallytheoneswhohavegreenpowerbackingthem.
在美国政治竞选中获胜的候选人通常都是些有财团支持的人物。
Green(3)
“没有经验、缺乏训练、知识浅薄”;
“(伤口)新的/未愈合的”
Thenewtypistisgreenatherjob.
刚来的打字员是个生手。
YoucannotexpectMarytodobusinesswithsuchpeople.Sheisonlyeighteenandasgreenasgrass.
你不能指望玛丽同这样的人做生意,她只有十八岁,还毫无经验。
agreenwound新伤口
Yellow
(1)
“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”
ayellowdog可鄙的人,卑鄙的人
ayellowlivered胆小鬼
yellow-belly胆小鬼/懦夫
Heistooyellowtostandupandfight.
他太软弱,不敢起来斗争。
Yellow
(2)
特定颜色
YellowPages黄页(电话号码簿,用黄纸印刷)
YellowBook黄皮书(法国等国家的政府报告,用黄封面装帧)
yellowboy(俗)金币
Yellow(3)
象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵
pornographic(色情的)
vulgar(庸俗下流的)
obscene(猥亵的)
bluejokes(下流的玩笑)
bluefilms(黄色电影)
yellowjournalism(以低级趣味的文字或耸人听闻的报道吸引读者的)黄色办报作风;
耸人听闻的关于丑闻的新闻报道/哗众取宠的新闻)
Blue
(1)
“情绪低落”、“心情沮丧”、“忧愁苦闷”
Theyfeltratherblueafterthefailureinthefootballmatch.
球赛踢输了,他们感到有些沮丧。
——Shelooksbluetoday.What’sthematterwithher?
——Sheisinholidayblue.
她今天显得闷闷不乐,出了什么事情?
她得了假期忧郁症。
Blue
(2)
“黄色的”、“下流的”
bluetalk下流的言论
bluevideo黄色录像
bluefilms/movies(黄色电影)
Blue(3)
社会地位高、出身名门的意义,如blueblood(贵族血统)
othermeanings:
outofblue意想不到
onceinablue千载难逢
drinktillall’sblue一醉方休
bluebook/BlueBook蓝皮书(英国政府或议会发表的封皮为蓝色的官方报告;
封皮为蓝色的官方出版物
bluebutton”蓝徽“(指伦敦证券交易所职员)
White
(1)
英语中的white有时表达的含义,与汉语中的“白色”没有什么关系
awhitelie善意的谎言
thewhitecoffee牛奶咖啡
whiteman善良的人,有教养的人
white-livered怯懦的
white
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