本科毕业设计母语负迁移在汉英翻译中的影响Word文档下载推荐.docx
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本科毕业设计母语负迁移在汉英翻译中的影响Word文档下载推荐.docx
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在此情况下,译者在翻译过程中会受到母语影响。
在翻译习作中,母语迁移显现尤为突出。
本文主要分三个层次对汉英翻译中的母语负迁移现象进行探讨。
关键词:
负迁移;
汉英翻译;
干扰
TableofContents
Abstracti
摘要ii
1.Introduction1
2.LiteratureReview2
2.1Languagetransferstudiesabroad2
2.2LanguagetransferstudiesinChina2
3.NegativeTransferinLexicon3
3.1DifferenceinwordstructurebetweenChineseandEnglish3
3.1.1ConstitutionofChineseatthelexicallevel3
3.1.2IntegrityofEnglishatthelexicallevel3
4.NegativeTransferinSyntax5
4.1SentenceStructure5
4.1.1Integralityofthestructureofasimplesentence5
4.1.2Connectionandcohesioninthestructureofacomplexsentence6
4.2Thetensesoffiniteverbs7
4.3Theformsofnon-finiteverbs7
4.4Thepluralofnouns8
5.NegativeTransferinDiscourse9
5.1Therestructuringofsyntax9
5.2Restructuringofsyntacticorder9
6.Strategies11
6.1Suggestionsforteachers11
6.2Suggestionsforlearners11
7.Conclusion12
References13
Acknowledgements14
1.Introduction
Whenitcomestoforeignlanguagestudy,wecanoftennoticetheinfluenceofourmothertongue.ItiseasytofindthatwhenaChinesestudentspeaksEnglish,hisorherEnglishsoundslikeChinese.Therefore,theinfluenceofmothertonguecalledlanguagetransferalsohaveaneffectondifferentlevelsoftheotherlanguage,suchasphonetics,phonology,semantics,discourseandsyntax.Languagetransferoriginatedfrompsychology,whichmaybeeitherpositiveornegative.Positivetransferisthefacilitationbythemothertonguethroughsimilaritiesbetweenthemothertongueandthetargetlanguage;
andnegativetransferisinterferencebythemothertongue,resultingfromthedissimilaritiesbetweenthemothertongueandthetargetlanguage.
Recently,languagetransferstudy,especiallystudyonnegativetransfer,playsanimportantroleinthefieldoflinguisticsinChina.NegativetransferofmothertonguealsoprevailsinChinese-Englishtranslationpractice.Scholarsoflinguisticshavefoundthatmostofthelinguisticerrorsinstudents’translationproductsareresultsoftheinfluenceofChineseandtheeffectofnegativetransferatdifferencelinguisticlevelssuchaslexicon,semantics,anddiscourse.
Thisthesisconsistsofsevenchapters.ChapterOneintroducesthedefinitionandmanifestationoflanguagetransfer.Chaptertwoprovidesageneralreviewoftheissueandtheviewpointsoflinguistsathomeandabroad.ChapterThreeisconcernedwiththenegativetransferofmothertongueatthelexicallevel.BecauseoftheculturaldifferencebetweenChinaandtheWest,thereisabigdifferenceinwordstructurebetweentheirlanguages.ChapterFour,mainlydealswiththegrammaticalerrorsatthesyntacticlevelcausedbylanguagetransfer.ChapterFiveanalyzestheerrorsmadeinthetranslationatdiscourselevel.ChaptersixprovidessomestrategiesdrawnfromthestudyforbothEnglishlearnersandteachers.Thelastchapterdrawsaconclusion.
2.LiteratureReview
2.1Languagetransferstudiesabroad
Researchonlanguagetransferoriginatedinthe1940sand1950s.H.Ellisassumedthattransferis“thelearningofTaskAwillaffectthelearningofTaskB”.InthebookLanguageTransferinLanguageLearningbySelinkerandGass,thereareatleast17definitionsoflanguagetransfer.Odlinoffershis“workingdefinition”oftransferinthebookLanguageTransfer,whichrunsasfollows:
Transferistheinfluenceresultingfromsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetargetlanguageandanyotherlanguagethathasbeenpreviouslyacquired(andperhapsimperfectly)acquired.
Behaviorismpredominatedinthefieldoflinguisticsinearlyresearch.Basedonthattheory,secondlanguageacquisition(SLA)isaresultoftheoldhabitsofthelearners’firstlanguageinterferingwiththenewhabitsofsecondlanguage.Withthistheory,Friesclaimsthegreatestcreditforcomparingandcontrastingthefirstandtargetlanguages,andasaresultcontrastiveanalysiswascreated.
Theimportanceoftransferhasonceagainbeenacknowledgedrecently.Odlin(1989)commentsthatdespitethecounterarguments…thereisalargeandgrowingbodyofresearchthatindicatesthattransferisindeedaveryimportantfactorinsecondlanguageacquisition.(1989:
4)
Therearealotoffactorsthatprovedthephenomenonoflanguagetransferinthestudiesofscholarsweredefinedasstructuralfactorsandnon-structuralfactorsbyOdlin(1989)
2.2LanguagetransferstudiesinChina
Thestudyoflanguagetransfer,especiallynegativetransfer,hasbeenincreasingrecentlyinChina.ZhangDecong(1994)definesthenegativetransferofmothertongueasthemainfactorleadingtoerrorsonthepartofChinesestudentsinlearningasecondlanguagecausedbydifferentculturescontainedinChineseandEnglish.DaiWeidongandWangDong(2002)exploresomebasicproblemscausedbylanguagetransfer.LiHong(2002)investigatestheinfluenceofthemothertongueonChineselearners’learningofEnglishreflexivepronouns.
LinguistshavediscoveredthatthenegativetransferofmothertongueexertsinfluenceonthetranslationpracticeofChinesestudents.ChenYunxiang(1997)suggeststhatthemisinterpretationoftheoriginallexiconiscausedbytheinfluenceofChineseatthelexicallevel.Empirically,LiaoFei(1998)andChenYuehong(1998)findssomeevidenceofsyntactictransfer,showingthefactthatthedifferencesinsyntacticstructurebetweenChineseandEnglishmayresultintheoccurrenceofnegativetransferofthemothertongue.Atthediscourselevel,thenegativetransferofthemothertonguemayresultinerrorsinorganizationalpattern,whichisillustratedinthestudyofChenBing(2003).
3.NegativeTransferinLexicon
3.1DifferenceinwordstructurebetweenChineseandEnglish
EnglishandChinesearetworemoteanddisconnectedlanguagesapartfromtheirdifferentwrittensystems.Theycannotalwayshaveone-to-onecorrespondencesbetweentheirlexicalsemantics.Asweallknow,thoseerrorsarecausedbythecomplexsystemofEnglishgrammaritself.Onetheotherhand,theyalsoresultfromthemothertongue’sinfluence.Forthesereasons,quitealotoflexicalerrorsincollegestudents’translationproductsarecausedbyEnglishgrammar.
Nida(1993)pointsoutthat“ingeneraltherangeofdesignativemeaningofspecificvocabularyismuchmorelikelytobesimilarbetweenlanguages,whilethesemanticrangesofgenericvocabularyveryfrequentlydonotreadilycorrespond”.Forexample,inbothEnglishandChinesetherearesuchcorrespondingspecificwordsas“water”and“水”,“pine”and“松树”,“rabbit”and“兔子”,whichcanalwaysbetranslatedintoeachother,whilethegenericwords“thing”and“东西”donotreadilycorrespond:
“他不是个好东西”cannotbetranslatedinto“Heisn’tagoodthing”,but“Heisawickedcreature”,andontheotherhand,“Thethingnowistoseethepresidentatonce”istranslatedinto“现在要做的事是立刻去见董事长”ratherthan“现在的东西是立刻去见董事长.”
3.1.1ConstitutionofChineseatthelexicallevel
Analyticlanguage,alsocalledisolatinglanguage,isalinguistictypologycategory.Itisalanguagewithalowmorpheme-per-wordratio.Intheextremecaseofanisolatinglanguageoranalyticlanguage,wordsarecomposedofasinglemorpheme.Thisisdifferentfromsyntheticlanguages,wherewordsconsistofmultiplemorphemes.Thislinguisticclassificationislargelyindependentofmorpheme-usageclassificationssuchasfusional,agglutinative.Languagesaresaidto"
lackmorphology"
becausenoneofitswordshasaninternalcompositionalstructureinwordpieces,therefore,theywouldlackboundmorphemeslikeaffixes.Analyticlanguagesuseindependentwordswhilesyntheticlanguagestendtouseaffixesandinternalmodificationsofrootsforthesamepurpose.Chineseisatypicalanalyticlanguage,especiallyclassicalChinese.
ComparingtheChineselexicontotheEnglishtranslation,errorsmaycausebyinsufficientknowledgeandone-onecorrespondencesthinking.Forexample,atthebeginningoflearningEnglish,learnersmaytranslate“钱包”into“moneybag”notpropernoun“purse”.What’smore,theyoftenuseincorrectwordintranslationpracticethatquotethegenderofwordsoutofthecontext.ItiseasytomaketheerrorsintranslationinusingtheChinesewayofthinking.
3.1.2IntegrityofEnglishatthelexicallevel
Englishisanagglutinativelanguageingeneralwitheachwordhavingmorphologicalchangestofulfillthefunctionsofdifferentpartsofspeech;
whileChineseisanisolatinglanguagewithoutanymorphologicalchanges.Forexample,nativeChinesepeopleoftenuse“不”toexplainthenegativemeaningofaword,suchas“不值”(worthless),“不喜欢”(unlike),“不好”(bad).Therefore,therearemorethanthreewaystoshowthesamenegativemeaninginEnglish.Intheaboveexamples,“-less”issuffix,“un-”aprefix,and“bad”anindependentword.
Negativetransferofthemothertongueusuallycauseserrorsatthelexicallevel.RedundancyerrorsaretheappearanceoftheunnecessarywordsintranslationproductsofChinesesecondlanguagelearners.Thatistosay,somewordshavenousefulfunctioninasentence,whichneedtobeeditedout.Intranslationpractice,toshowthenegativemeaningofaword“important”,nativespeakerschoosethecorrectprefix“un-”unconsciously;
whileChineselearnersmayconfusethedifferencebetween“in-”,“un-”andothermorphemes.
4.NegativeTransferinSyntax
4.1Sentencestructure
Allthelanguagesintheworldcanbedividedintwogroups:
syntheticandanalytic.Chineseisatypicalanalyticlanguagewhi
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