口译笔译考试词汇复习指导Word文件下载.docx
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口译笔译考试词汇复习指导Word文件下载.docx
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这类习语为数少,例如:
Barkingdogsdonotbite.吠犬不咬人。
Whoiscontented,enjoys.知足者常乐。
Misfortunesnevercomesingly.祸不单行。
Itishardertochangehumannaturethantochangeriversandmountains.江山难改,本性难移。
Likefather,likeson.有其父必有其子。
B.习语形义基本相同
这类习语比上面一类在数量上要多些,例如:
aslightasafeather(orasthistle-down)轻如鸿毛
totakealoadoffone’smind如释重负
toruninthesamegroove;
tocutfromthesamecloth.如出一辙
tomakeabeastofoneself形同禽兽
Hethathathbeenbittenbyaserpentisafraidofarope.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕草绳。
Shallowstreamsmakemostdin.水深不响,水响不深。
Moneymakesthemarego.有钱能使鬼推磨。
Recklessyouthmakesruefulage.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
C.英汉习语形似义异
这类习语相当多,例如:
Whenadogisdrowningeveryoneoffershimdrink.
英文含义:
狗若落水人人救,强调人人伸出援之手.
中文对应语:
救了落水狗,反咬你一口。
强调好心得不到好报
Ignoranceofthelawisnoexcuseofbreakingit.
法盲犯法不可恕,强调严格执行法律。
不知者无罪。
强调网开一面。
Strikewhiletheironishot
强调"
抓住时机"
趁热打铁,着重"
抓紧行动"
Lockthestable-doorafterthehorseisstolen.
强调为时已晚。
亡羊补牢。
强调受到损失后想法弥补,以免再受损失。
D.英汉习语形异义似
Awordspokenispastrecalling.一言既出,驷马难追。
Greatboast,smallroast.干打雷,不下雨。
Takenotamuskettokillabutterfly.杀鸡焉用宰牛刀。
asdumbasanoyster守口如瓶
tohitsomeonebelowthebelt/tostabsomeoneintheback暗箭伤人(belowthebelt来自于拳击,击中对手腰部以下是算犯规的;
相应的口语中有一种说法:
alow-blow,意为卑鄙的偷袭、手段。
)
asweakaswater弱不禁风
E.英汉习语形义完全不同
castone’sbreaduponthewaters不期望报答所作之事
中高级口译阅读训练:
东西方大脑差异来自文化不同
WestBrain,EastBrain——Whatadifferenceculturemakes
Bynow,itshouldcomeasnosurprisewhenscientistsdiscoveryetanothercaseofexperiencechangingthebrain.Fromthesensoryinformationweabsorbtothemovementswemake,ourlivesleavefootprintsonthebumpsandfissuresofourcortex,somuchsothatexperiencescanalter"
hard-wired"
brainstructures.Throughrehab,strokepatientscancoaxaregionofthemotorcortexontheoppositesideofthedamagedregiontopinch-hit,restoringlostmobility;
volunteerswhoareblindfoldedforjustfivedayscanreprogramtheirvisualcortextoprocesssoundandtouch.
Still,scientistshavebeensurprisedathowdeeplyculture—thelanguagewespeak,thevaluesweabsorb—shapesthebrain,andarerethinkingfindingsderivedfromstudiesofWesterners.Totakeonerecentexample,aregionbehindtheforeheadcalledthemedialprefrontalcortexsupposedlyrepresentstheself:
itisactivewhenwe("
we"
beingtheAmericansinthestudy)thinkofourownidentityandtraits.ButwithChinesevolunteers,theresultswerestrikinglydifferent.The"
me"
circuithummednotonlywhentheythoughtwhetheraparticularadjectivedescribedthemselves,butalsowhentheyconsideredwhetheritdescribedtheirmother.TheWesternersshowednosuchoverlapbetweenselfandmom.Dependingwhetheronelivesinaculturethatviewstheselfasautonomousanduniqueorasconnectedtoandpartofalargerwhole,thisneuralcircuittakesonquitedifferentfunctions.
"
Culturalneuroscience,"
asthisnewfieldiscalled,isaboutdiscoveringsuchdifferences.Someofthefindings,aswiththe"
me/mom"
circuit,buttresslongstandingnotionsofculturaldifferences.Forinstance,itisaculturalcliché
thatWesternersfocusonindividualobjectswhileEastAsianspayattentiontocontextandbackground(anothermanifestationoftheindividualism-collectivismsplit).Sureenough,whenshowncomplex,busyscenes,Asian-Americansandnon-Asian--Americansrecruiteddifferentbrainregions.TheAsiansshowedmoreactivityinareasthatprocessfigure-groundrelations—holisticcontext—whiletheAmericansshowedmoreactivityinregionsthatrecognizeobjects.
PsychologistNaliniAmbadyofTuftsfoundsomethingsimilarwhensheandcolleaguesshoweddrawingsofpeopleinasubmissivepose(headdown,shouldershunched)oradominantone(armscrossed,faceforward)toJapaneseandAmericans.Thebrain’sdopamine-fueledrewardcircuitbecamemostactiveatthesightofthestance—dominantforAmericans,submissiveforJapanese—thateachvolunteer’sculturemostvalues,theyreportedin2009.Thisraisesanobviouschicken-and-eggquestion,butthesmartmoneyisoncultureshapingthebrain,notviceversa.
Culturalneurosciencewouldn’tbemakingwavesifitfoundneurobiologicalbasesonlyforwell-knownculturaldifferences.Itisalsouncoveringtheunexpected.Forinstance,a2006studyfoundthatnativeChinesespeakersuseadifferentregionofthebraintodosimplearithmetic(3+4)ordecidewhichnumberislargerthannativeEnglishspeakersdo,eventhoughbothuseArabicnumerals.TheChineseusethecircuitsthatprocessvisualandspatialinformationandplanmovements(thelattermayberelatedtotheuseoftheabacus).ButEnglishspeakersuselanguagecircuits.ItisasiftheWestconceivesnumbersasjustwords,buttheEastimbuesthemwithsymbolic,spatialfreight.(Insertcliché
aboutAsianmathgeniuses.)"
Onewouldthinkthatneuralprocessesinvolvingbasicmathematicalcomputationsareuniversal,"
saysAmbady,butthey"
seemtobeculture-specific."
Nottobetheskunkatthisparty,butit’simportanttoaskwhetherneurosciencerevealsanythingmorethanwealreadyknowfrom,say,anthropology.Forinstance,it’swellknownthatEastAsianculturesprizethecollectiveovertheindividual,andthatAmericansdotheopposite.Doesidentifyingbraincorrelatesofthosevaluesofferanyextrainsight?
Afterall,it’snotasifanyonethoughtthosevaluesaretheresultofsomethingintheliver.
词句笔记:
fissure:
裂缝,缝隙
cortex:
大脑皮层
dopamine:
多巴胺
pinch-hit:
代理
coax:
劝诱,耐心处理
blindfold:
将……眼睛蒙起来
correlate:
vt.使互相关联;
vi.(+to/with)与……有关联
花样滑冰的难题
ThemusicofOlympicfigureskatingisn’twhatitcouldbe
Musicepitomizestheuneasylinethatfigureskatinghaslongtriedtowalkbetweenathleticismandart.Doyouwantaskaterwhocreativelyinterpretsthemusicandgivesanethereal,memorableperformance?
Oronewhocannailallthejumps?
Theanswerhasneverbeenclear.
Thattensionwasbroughtintothespotlightatthe2002WinterGames,whenRussiansElenaBerezhnayaandAntonSikharulidzebeattheCanadianpairofJamieSalé
andDavidPelletierbecausetheirmarksfor"
presentation"
(theartpart)overshadowedtheCanadians’clearwinon"
technicalmerit,"
becauseaFrenchjudgewascoercedintoskewinghervote.
Theresultingcontroversysparkedamassiveoverhauloftherulesandjudgingsystemin2004.Yetevenunderthenewsystem,whichinvolvesminutescrutiny(withreplays)ofeachtechnicalelementinvolvedinaprogram,apartofthefinaltotalincludesmarksforchoreographyandinterpretation--the"
art"
partoftheequation,whichdirectlyrelatestothemusicalselection.
Initially,thenewrulesinspiredskaterswithanewsenseofcaution.Skatersare"
startingtousemusicthatisrepetitiveandhaslessdefinitionthanitusedtohave,"
Weisigersays."
Alotofprogramsnowusemusicthatsoundsthesameoverandover,kindofdronesonandon."
ButWeisigerdoesn’tthinkthenewrulesarethewholeproblem.It’s"
alsoanewgenerationofchoreographers,"
shesays,who"
don’thavethesameappreciationforclassicalmusic."
Evenforthosewhodowanttoimprovethemusicallevelofthesport,therearelimitstowhatyoucandoinlessthanfiveminutes,especiallywhenyou’reworkingwithaskater,achoreographerandacoachwhomayallhavetheirownideasofwhattheywant.
Theproblemisthatthesepeopledon’tknowanymusic,"
saysmusicwriterDavidHurwitz,whoestablishedasmallsidebusinessonhisCD-reviewingWebsite,ClassicsToday,toadvisefigureskatersontheirmusicalchoices.Skaterstendtoclingtowhathasdonewellbefore:
"
Carmen,"
invariouspermutations,topsalistthatincludesaheavydoseofRussianballetanddancemusic("
SwanLake,"
Scheherazade"
)andSpanish-themedworks.
Eventhemusicallyknowledgeabledothingstotheirmusicalselectionsthatwouldoutrageanypurist.AlexanderGoldstein,aRussian-borncomposerwhohasbeenarrangingmusicforathletessinceheworkedwiththeSovietfigureskatingandrhythmicgymnasticsteamsinthe1970s,pointsoutthatonhiscomputerhecan"
makethemusicfaster,makethemusicslower,withoutanydegradationofthesoundquality."
Butthat’stheleasto
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