英语写作手法.docx
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英语写作手法.docx
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英语写作手法
)Simile:
(明喻)
Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalitywe
associatewithonetotheother明喻(simile)是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系,两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like,as,asif,asthough等Forexample,Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry./Thiselephantislikeasnakeasanybodycansee.
2)Metaphor:
(暗喻)
Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.隐喻(metaphor)这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写,甲乙两事物之
间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
Forexample,theworldisastage./Thediamonddepartmentwastheheartandcenterofthestore.
3)Analogy:
(类比)
Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.
4)Personification:
(拟人)
Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(赋予)toinanimate(无生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).拟人(personification)这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上,使之人格化,以物
拟人,以达到彼此交融,合二为一。
1、Shemayhavetensofthousandofbabiesinonesummer.(From“WatchingAnts”)一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。
这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。
Forexample,thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.
5)Hyperbole:
(夸张)
Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.夸张(hyperbole)这是运用丰富的想象,过激的言词,渲染和装饰客观事物,以达到强调的效果。
1、Mybloodfroze.我的血液都凝固了。
Forinstance,healmostdiedlaughing.
6)Understatement:
(含蓄陈述)
Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.
Forinstance,Itisnolaughingmatter.
7)Euphemism:
(委婉)
Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(无冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.Forinstance,wereferto"die"as”passaway".
8)Metonymy(转喻)
Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.Forinstance,thepen(words)ismightierthanthesword(forces).借代(metonymy)是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
1、Severalyearslater,wordcamethatNapoleonyhhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem...
几年以后,他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
“word”在这里代替了“news,information”(消息、信息)
2、Alspokewithhiseyes,“yes”.
艾尔用眼睛说,“是的”。
“说”应该是嘴的功能,这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。
9)Synecdoche(提喻)
Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.提喻(synecdoche)又称举隅法,主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具体,或以具体代抽象。
1、TheGreatWallwasmadenotonlyofstonesandearth,butofthefleshandbloodofmillionsofmen.长城不仅是用石头和土建造的,而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。
句中的“thefleshandblood”喻为“thegreatsacrifice”(巨大的牺牲)Forinstance,theysaythere'sbreadandworkforall.Shewasdressedin
silks.
10)Antonomasia(换喻)
Ithasalsotodowithsubstitution.Itisnotoftenmentionednow,thoughitisstillinfrequentuse.Forexample,Solomonforawiseman.Danielforawiseandfairjudge.Judasforatraitor.
11)Pun:
(双关语)
Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.双关语(pun)是以一个词或词组,用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来,以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。
Napoleonwasastonished.”Eitheryouaremad,orIam,”hedeclared.“Both,sir!
”criedtheSwedeproudly.“Both”一词一语双关,既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子,又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。
Forinstance,acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Here"arms"hastwomeanings:
aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)/Napoleonwasastonished.”Either
youaremad,orIam,”hedeclared.“Both,sir!
”criedtheSwedeproudly.“Both”一词一语双
关,既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子,又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役
12)Syllepsis:
(一语双叙)
Ithastwoconnotations.Inthefirstcase,itisafigurebywhichaword,oraparticularformorinflectionof
aword,referstotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,whileproperlyapplyingtooragreeingwithonlyonofthemingrammarorsyntax(句法).Forexample,Headdressedyouandme,anddesiredustofollowhim.(Hereusisusedtorefertoyouandme.)Inthesecondcase,itawordmayrefertotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence.Forexample,whilehewasfighting,andlosinglimbandmind,anddying,othersstayedbehindtopursueeducationandcareer.(Heretolosingone'slimbsinliteral;toloseone'smindisfigurative,andmeanstogomad.)
13)Zeugma:
(轭式搭配)
Itisasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.Forexample,Thesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northe
moonbynight.(Herenoonisnotstrongenoughtoburn)
14)Irony:
(反语)
Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.反语(irony)是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义,从而达到使本义更加幽默,更加讽刺的效果。
Well,ofcourse,Iknewthatgentlemenlikeyoucarryonlylargenotes.
啊,当然,我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。
店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客:
像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢?
名为“gentlemen”实则“beggar”而已。
Forinstance,wearelucky,whatyousaidmakesmefeelrealgood.
15)Innuendo:
(暗讽)
Itisamildformofirony,hintinginaratherroundabout(曲折)wayatsomethingdisparaging(不一致)oruncomplimentary(不赞美)tothepersonorsubjectmentioned.Forexample,theweathermansaiditwouldbeworm.Hemusttakehisreadingsinabathroom.
16)Sarcasm:
(讽刺)
ItSarcasmisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Forexample,lawsarelikecobwebs,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwasps
breakthrough.
17)Paradox:
(似非而是的隽语)
Itisafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudymayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.Forexamplemorehaste,lessspeed.
18)Oxymoron:
(矛盾修饰)
Itisacompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoining(结合)oftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruous(不协调)termsasinbitter-sweetmemories,orderlychaos(混乱)andproudhumility(侮辱).
19)Antithesis:
(对照)
Itisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveemphasis.Forexample,speechissilver;silenceisgolden.
20)Epigram:
(警句)
Itstatesasimpletruthpithily(有利地)andpungently(强烈地).Itisusuallyterseandarousesinterestandsurprisebyitsdeepinsightintocertainaspectsofhumanbehaviororfeeling.Forinstance,Few,savethepoor,feelforthepoor.
21)Climax:
(渐进)
ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor"ladder"andimpliestheprogressionofthoughtatauniformoralmostuniformrateofsignificanceorintensity,likethestepsofaladderascendingevenly.Forexample,Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.
22)Anti-climaxorbathos:
(突降)
ItistheoppositeofClimax.Itinvolvesstatingone'sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity,fromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolightorfrivolous.Forinstance,Butthousandsdie,withoutorthisorthat,die,
andendow(赋予)acollege,oracat.
23)Apostrophe:
(顿呼)
Inthisfigureofspeech,athing,place,ideaorperson(deadorabsent)isaddressedasifpresent,listeningandunderstandingwhatisbeingsaid.Forinstance,England!
awake!
awake!
awake!
24)TransferredEpithet:
(转类形容词)
Itisafigureofspeechwhereanepithet(an
adjectiveordescriptivephrase)istransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodify(修饰)
toanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyapplyorbelong.Forinstance,Ispentsleepless
nightsonmyproject.
25)Alliteration:
(头韵)
Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervals(间隔)andsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound,itisalsocalled"frontrhyme".For
instance,thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,thefurrowfollowedfree.头韵法
(alliteration)在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增
强语言的节奏感。
HowandwhyhehadcometoPrinceton,NewJerseyisastoryofstruggle,
success,andsadness.
26)Onomatopoeia:
(拟声)
Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject(animateorinanimate),orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestive(提示的)ofsomeactionormovement.拟声(onomatcpocia)是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音,其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似,使语言显得生动,富有表现力。
1、Ontherootoftheschoolhousesomepigeonsweresoftlycooing.
在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。
2、Shebroughtmeintotouchwitheverythingthatcouldbereachedorfelt——sunlight,the
rustlingofsilk,thenoisesofinsects,thecreakingofadoor,thevoiceofalovedone.
她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西,如阳光呀,丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀,昆虫的叫声呀,开
门的吱嗄声呀,亲人的说话声呀。
Eg:
Ontherootoftheschoolhousesomepigeonsweresoftlycooing./She
broughtmeintotouchwitheverythingthatcouldbereachedorfelt——sunlight,therustling
ofsilk,thenoisesofinsects,thecreakingofadoor,thevoiceofalovedone.
27)叠言(rhetoricalrepetition)
这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中,将相同的结构,相同意义词组成句子重叠使用,以增强语气和力量。
1、Itmustbecreatedbythebloodandtheworkofallofuswhobelieveinthefuture,who
believeinmanandhisgloriousman—madedestiny.
它必须用我们这些对于未来,对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。
2、...Becausegoodtechniqueinmedicineandsurgerymeansmorequickly—curedpatients,
lesspain,lessdiscomfort,lessdeath,lessdiseaseandlessdeformity.
因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人,更少痛苦,更少不安,更少死亡,更少疾病,和
更少残废。
28)通感(synesthesia)
是指在某个感官
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