语用学论文.doc
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语用学论文.doc
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AnExplorationofPragmaticPresuppositioninDailyCommunication
班级:
10级本
(1)班学号:
201221010105姓名:
秦丹丹
AbstractinChinese
语用预设是语用学中重要的研究对象。
总的来说,在语用学的研究中,预设扮演着非常重要的角色,并且预设也是理解他人说话意义的重要工具。
本文将会以日常生活中的语用预设为重点,对语用预设进行大致的研究,包括语用预设的定义、特点、功能等方面,并且佐以大量的日常生活中的例子来帮助理解。
通过这篇文章,笔者希望读者能够在本文中学到关于语用预设的一些知识。
AbstractinEnglish
PragmaticPresuppositionisaveryimportanttopicinthestudyofpragmatic.Generallyspeaking,intheresearchofPragmatics,presuppositionplaysaveryimportantrole,anditisthekeytocomprehendother’sutterancesandmeaning.ThispapertriestogiveageneralexplorationofPragmaticPresuppositionanditsrespectivecharacteristicsanditsfunctionswithexamples.Theauthorwillgivealotofexamplesindailycommunicationandexplainhowpragmaticpresuppositionworks.Inthisway,theauthortriestoletreaderstoknowpragmaticpresuppositionbetter.
KeyWords:
PragmaticPresupposition;Characteristic;DailyCommunication;Function
1.Introduction
Asabranchoflanguagescience,Pragmaticshasitsownvariousaspectswhichinteractandpermeatewithoneanother.Presuppositionisdifferentfromthelogicandsemanticpresupposition.ItisoneofthebasisofPragmaticinferencesjustlikeconversationalimplicature,Pragmaticinferencesdonotdependontheinternalstructuresofsentencesorfunctions,butthecontextualfactordeterminesthetruemeaningofaddressers.
Presuppositionissuchadecisivefactor.OneoftheimportantquestionsinstudyingPragmaticsishowtodothingsinlanguage.Inthisprocess,Presuppositionisthecompasstoguidetheconversationtocarryonsmoothlysothattheparticipantsintheconversationcouldreachtheirrespectivepurpose,suchasdoingthingsinlanguage.
Presuppositionmeanswhataspeakerorwriterassumesthereceiverofthemessagealreadyknows.Theterm“presupposition”wasfirstputforwardbythegreatlogicianFregein1892.
ThenlaterLeechpointedoutthatpresuppositionwasaproblemthatcouldn’tbeignoredinanybooksofSemantics,foritwastheessentialproblemthatSemanticsmustsolve.Presuppositionisatopicnotonlyinsemanticsbutalsoinpragmatics.
Presuppositioncanbedividedintotwomaintypes:
SemanticPresuppositionandPragmaticPresupposition.PragmaticpresuppositionwasfirstputforthbyRobertStalnaker.ThenthereweremanyworksonPragmaticssuchasPragmatics(StephenLevinson,1983)andPragmatics(StevenDavis,1991).
SomelinguistsrealizedthatpresuppositionwasaPragmaticphenomenonratherthanapureSemanticphenomenon(Stalnaker,1970;1974Levinson,1983vanderSandt,1988Lmbrecht,1994Bryer,1996).Fromthaton,moreandmorelinguistsstartedtostudyPresupposition.
2.LiteratureReviewofPragmaticPresupposition
2.1.TheDefinitionofPragmaticPresupposition
Whenitcomestothequestion:
WhatisthedefinitionofPragmaticpresupposition?
Well,sofar,allthelinguistshaven’treachedtoanagreementtothedefinitionofPragmaticpresupposition.Stalnaker,whofirstputforwardtheconceptofPragmaticpresupposition,thoughtthatPresuppositionisnotonlyrelatedtocontextsbutalsotothespeaker.
JackendoffregardedPragmaticPresuppositionasthecommonknowledgeorbackgroundknowledgeofthespeakerandthehearerinvolvedintheverbalcommunication.
EllimoretreatedPragmaticPresuppositionasanappropriateconditionwhichwasneededtosatisfyaspeechactoranecessaryconditiontosatisfythesocialappropriatenessofasentence.
Austinthoughtofpragmaticpresuppositionasanappropriateconditiontoconductaspeechact.
HeZiranoncesaid:
“presuppositionisthecommonknowledgeofthespeakerandhearerinvolvedincommunication.Basedonthisknowledge,thespeakerislikelytotellthehearersomethingthathebelievesthatthehearerwillunderstand.Andalsobecauseofthecommonknowledge,thehearerislikelytowellunderstandwhatthespeakersaidtohim.”(HeZiran,1998).
Theviewsabovecanbedividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupisfromtheaspectofspeechact,andthepresuppositionisdefinedasaconditionforefficientspeechacts.Theothergroupisfromtheaspectofcommunication,andthepresuppositionisregardedasthecommonknowledgeorbackgroundknowledgeofboththespeakerandthehearer.
2.2.CharacteristicsofPragmaticPresupposition
2.2.2.MutualKnowledgeorcommonground
Theso-calledmutualknowledgemeansthatpresuppositionisthecommoninformationsharedbythespeakerandthehearer.
Theauthorthinksthattherearetwotypesofmutualknowledgeorcommonground,thefirsttypeistheknowledgethatsharedbyboththespeakerandthehearer,whilethesecondtypeofmutualknowledgeistheknowledgethateverybodyknows,whichmeansthecommonknowledgeweallknoworlearnedbefore.Thatistosay,themutualknowledgeisthekindofknowledgeuniv
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