四级二套题Word文档格式.docx
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四级二套题Word文档格式.docx
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PartII.ReadingComprehension(Skimmingandscanning)(15minutes)
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet2.
Forquestions1-7,mark
Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;
N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;
NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.
Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
“TheDisappearingGenerationGap”
Parentsandkidstodaydressalike,listentothesamemusic,andarefriends.Isthisagoodthing?
Sometimes,whenTomKrattenmakerofYardley,Pa.andhis16-year-olddaughter,Holland,listentorockmusictogetherandtalkaboutpopculture,herecallshismore-distantrelationshipwithhisparentswhenhewasateenager.“Iwouldneverhavesaidtomymom.‘Hey,thenewmusicalbumisreallygreat—howdoyoulikeit?
’”saysMr.Krattenmaker.“Therewasjustacompletegapinsensibilityandtaste.”Musicwasnottheonlygulf.Fromclothingandhairstylestoactivitiesandexpectations,earliergenerationsofparentsandchildrenoftenappearedtorevolveinseparateorbits(轨道).
Today,thegenerationgaphasnotdisappeared,butitisshrinkinginmanyfamilies.Theoldauthoritarian(权利主义的)approachtodiscipline—aharsh“BecauseIsaidso,that'
swhy”—isgivingwaytoanewegalitarianism(平等主义)anda“Come,letusreasontogether”attitude.Theresultcanbearewardingclosenessamongfamilymembers.Conversationsthatwouldnothavetakenplaceagenerationago--orthatwouldhavebeenawkward,onsubjectssuchassexanddrugs—nowarecomfortableandcommon.Andparent-childactivities,fromshoppingtosports,involveaneasycamaraderie(同志间友谊)thatcancontinueintoadulthood.Nowondergreetingcardstodaycarrythemessage,“Tomymother,mybestfriend.”
Causesofthechange
Familyresearchersofferavarietyofreasonsfortheseevolvingrolesandattitudes.Theyseethe1960sasabenchmark(基准点).Dramaticculturalshiftsled
tomoreopencommunicationandamoredemocraticprocessthatencourageseveryonetohaveasay.“Myparentswereonthe‘before,’sideofthatshift,whereastoday'
sparentsintheirfortieswereonthe‘after’side”,explainsKrattenmaker.“It'
smucheasierforpeopleintheirfortiesandtoday'
steenagerstorelatetooneanother.It'
snotatotalcakewalk(轻易取得胜利)forparentsthesedays,becauselifeismorecomplicated,butsharinginterestsdoesmakeitmorefuntobeaparentnow.”
Apopularmovementwithrootsinthe1970s,parenteffectivenesstraining,has
helpedtoreshapegenerationalroles.Thephilosophyencourageschildrentodescribetheirfeelingsaboutvarioussituations.Asaresult,saysRobertBillingham,afamily-studiesprofessoratIndianaUniversity,“Parentsandchildrenbegantalkingtoeachotherinwaystheyhadnotbefore.”Ontheplusside,headds,theseconversationsmadeparentsrealizethatchildrenmayhaveimportantthoughtsorfeelingsthatadultsneedtobeawareof.Buthealsoseesadownside:
Manyparentsstartedmakingdecisionsbasedonwhattheirchildwanted.“Thepowershiftedtochildren.Parentssaid,‘Ihavetofocusonmakingmychildhappy,’asopposedto‘Ihavetoparentmostappropriately.’”
Otherchangesareoccurringastheranksofworkingmothersgrow.“Anincreaseinguiltonthepartofbusyparentsmakesthemlesseagertospendtimedisciplining,”saidDr.LagunaofLebanonValleyCollege.Time-shortparentsalsoencouragechildren'
sindependence,makingthemmoreresponsibleforthemselves.“They'
llsay,‘Wetrustyoutomaketherightdecisions’whetherthey'
rereadytoassumetheresponsibilityornot,”saysBillingham.
Theself-esteemmovementofthepastquarter-centuryhasalsoaffectedfamily
Dynamics(动力).Someparentsworrythatiftheytelltheirchildrenno,orimpose
limits,itwillhurtthechild'
sself-esteem.
Cautions
Butfamilyexportscautionthatthenewequalitycanalsohaveanegativeside,
diminishingrespectforparents.“There'
sstillalotofstrict,authoritarianparenting(父母作用)outthere,butthereisachangehappening,”saysKerrieLaguna,apsychologyprofessoratLebanonValleyCollegeinAnnville,Pa.“Inthemiddleofthatchange,thereisalotofconfusionamongparents.”Parentswhodon'
tsetrulesriskbecoming“sopowerlessintheirownhomesthattheyfeeloutofcontrolandsometimesafraid,”cautionsDennisLowe,directoroftheCenterfortheFamilyatPepperdineUniversityinMalibu,Calif.Hebelievesthatparents—intheireagernesstokeepthepeaceandavoidarguments—missanopportunitytoteachchildrenhowtoresolveconflicts,ratherthansimplyavoidingthem.
Althoughsensitiveanddemocraticparentinghasitsadvantages,Lagunaexpressesconcernabout“growingnumbers”ofchildrenwhohavefewboundaries
expectations.Dr.Loweandhiswife,Emily,trytomaintainstructureandboundariesbytakingatraditionalapproachwiththeirchildren,ages10and14.Theyalsostriveforaunitedfront,butchallengesarise,hesays,whenoneparentwantsanegalitarianrelationshipwithachild,whiletheotherparentwantstosetlimits.“Probablythedemocraticapproachisnotbadinandofitself,”Lowesays.“It'
swhenitswingssofarthatitpromoteslackofrulesandstructureanddisciplineforchildren.Problemsalsoarisewhenitpromotesoverindulgence(过分溺爱),sometimesinaneffortavoid‘harming’therelationship,ratherthanteachingchildrenmoderationandthelimitsoflife.”Overindulgence,Lowesays,canactuallybeasignofneglect—neglectingvalues,neglectingteachingopportunities,andneglectingtherelationship.Tobesuccessful,peopleneedanappreciationforrulesandlimits.Loweknowsfamilieswherechildrencallparentsbytheirfirstnames.“Ratherthan‘Mom’or‘Dad’,youhavea7-year-oldsaying,‘Hey,Gary,’”heexplains,addingthatlackofrespectforpatentscouldcarryoverintorelationshipswithteachers,bosses,andothersinpositionsofauthority.
Growingunderstanding
Still,encouragingsignsexist.VernBengtson,whohasstudiedgenerationalchangesascoauthorofaforthcomingbook,HowFamiliesStillMatter,findsagreatertolerancefordivergence(分歧)betweengenerationstodaythaninthepast.“Becauseofmyownrebellioninthe60s,andbecauseofthewayIgrewoutofit,Icanbetteracceptmyson'
sdesireforindependenceandthecrazyandsometimesrebelliousthingsthathedoes,”saysProfessorBengtsonoftheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LosAngeles.“Basedonmyexperience,he,too,willgrowoutofit.”AsDalby,amotheroftwosons,looksaroundatfriendsandacquaintances,sheisheartenedtofindthatmanypeoplearefarmoreopenwiththethingstheytalkaboutwithchildren.“Therearealotmomdangersouttherenow.It'
sbettertoaddressthemyourselves,becausesomebodywill.”
Wheredofamiliesgofromhere?
“Parentshavetobecarefulnottototallybetheirkid'
sbuddy(朋友,because
theystillhavetobetheauthoritariananddisciplinarian(严格执行纪律者.”Krattenmakersays.Forherpart,Lagunawouldliketoseeroledistinctionsthatillustrateclearlywhotheadultsare.“Idon'
tthinkwe'
reswingingbacktothe‘good
olddays’,whenpatentsruledandchildrenkepttheirmouthsshut,”Billinghamsays.“We'
reswingingtowardabalance,whereparentsonceagainareviewedasparents,andnotaspeerstotheirchildren.Childrenarebeingviewedasverylovedandvaluedfamilymembers,butwithoutthepowerorauthorityoftheparents.“Ifwecangetthisbalance,whereparentsarenotafraidtobeparents,andparentsandchildrenputthefamilyastheirpriority,we'
llbeingreatshape.I'
mveryoptimisticaboutthefuture.”
1.Thearticleisananalysisoftherootcausesofsocialproblemslikethedisappearinggenerationgap.
2.Accordingtothepassage,thenegativesideofthenewequalitybetweenparentsandchildrenisthatrespectforpatentshasbeendecreasing.
3.Thegapbetweenparentsandchildreninthepastwasmainlyinhairstyle.
4.Today,thegenerationgapinfamilieshasdisappeared.
5.Thereasonsfortheevolvingrolesandattitudesoffamilymembersarefour:
culturalshiftsinthe60s,thepopularmovementofparenteffectivenesstrainingstartedinthe1970s,thegrowingranksofworkingmothers,andtheself-esteemmovementofthepastquarter-century.
6.Theauthorisquiteworriedaboutthefutureofthefamilies.
7.Somepeopleareoftheviewthatparentsshouldnottotallybetheirkid’sfriends,becausetheystillhavetobetheauthoritariananddisciplinarian.
8.WhataboutDennisLowe’sattitudetowardstherolesofparents?
9.AccordingtoLowe,overindulgencecanbeasignoftheneglect--_________.
10.AccordingtoProf.VernBengtson,whydopeoplefindagreatertolerancefordivergencebetweengenerationstodaythaninthepast?
PartIII.ListeningComprehension
SectionA
Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebest
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