大学英语四级考试考试样题Word文档格式.docx
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大学英语四级考试考试样题Word文档格式.docx
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Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.
Forquestions1-7,mark
Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;
N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;
NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.
Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
Landfills
Youhavejustfinishedyourmealatafastfoodrestaurantandyouthrowyouruneatenfood,foodwrappers,drinkcups,utensilsandnapkinsintothetrashcan.Youdon'
tthinkaboutthatwasteagain.Ontrashpickupdayinyourneighborhood,youpushyourcanouttothecurb,andworkersdumpthecontentsintoabigtruckandhaulitaway.Youdon'
thavetothinkaboutthatwasteagain,either.Butmaybeyouhavewondered,asyouwatchthetrashtruckpullaway,justwherethatgarbageendsup.
AmericansgeneratetrashatanAstonishingrateoffourpoundsperdayperperson;
whichtranslatesto600,000tonsperdayor210milliontonsperyear!
Thisisalmosttwiceasmuchtrashperpersonasmostothermajorcountries.Whathappenstothistrash?
Somegetsrecycled(回收利用)orrecoveredandsomeisburned,butthemajorityisburiedinlandfills.
HowMuchTrashIsGenerated?
Ofthe210milliontonsoftrash,orsolidwaste,generatedintheUnitedStatesannually,about56milliontons,or27percent,iseitherrecycled(glass,paperproducts,plastic,metals)orcomposted(做成堆肥)(yardwaste).Theremainingtrash,whichismostlyunrecyclable,isdiscarded.
HowIsTrashDisposedof?
ThetrashproductionintheUnitedStateshasalmosttripledsince1960.Thistrashishandledinvariousways.About27percentofthetrashisrecycledorcomposted,16percentisburnedand57percentisburiedinlandfills.Theamountoftrashburiedinlandfillshasdoubledsince1960.TheUnitedStatesrankssomewhereinthemiddleofthemajorcountries(UnitedKingdom,Canada,Germany,FranceandJapan)inlandfilldisposal.TheUnitedKingdomrankshighest,buryingabout90percentofitssolidwasteinlandfills.
WhatIsaLandfill?
Therearetwowaystoburytrash:
Dump—anopenholeinthegroundwheretrashisburiedandthatisfullofvariousanimals(rats,mice,birds).(Thisismostpeople'
sideaofalandfill!
)
Landfill—carefullydesignedstructurebuiltintoorontopofthegroundinwhichtrashisisolatedfromthesurroundingenvironment(groundwater,air,rain).Thisisolationisaccomplishedwithabottomlineranddailycoveringofsoil.
Sanitarylandfill—landfillthatusesaclaylinertoisolatethetrashfromtheenvironment
Municipalsolidwaste(MSW)landfill—landfillthatusesasynthetic(plastic)linertoisolatethetrashfromtheenvironment
Thepurposeofalandfillistoburythetrashinsuchawaythatitwillbeisolatedfromgroundwater,willbekeptdryandwillnotbeincontactwithair.Undertheseconditions,trashwillnotdecompose(腐烂)much.Alandfillisnotlikeacompostpile,wherethepurposeistoburytrashinsuchawaythatitwilldecomposequickly.
ProposingtheLandfill
Foralandfilltobebuilt,theoperatorshavetomakesurethattheyfollowcertainsteps.Inmostpartsoftheworld,thereareregulationsthatgovernwherealandfillcanbeplacedandhowitcanoperate.Thewholeprocessbeginswithsomeoneproposingthelandfill.
IntheUnitedStates,takingcareoftrashandbuildinglandfillsarelocalgovernmentresponsibilities.Beforeacityorotherauthoritycanbuildalandfill,anenvironmentimpact
studymustbedoneontheproposedsitetodetermine:
theareaoflandnecessaryforthelandfill
thecompositionoftheunderlyingsoilandbedrock
theflowofsurfacewateroverthesite
theimpactoftheproposedlandfillonthelocalenvironmentandwildlife
thehistoricalvalueoftheproposedsite
BuildingtheLandfill
Oncetheenvironmentalimpactstudyiscomplete,thepermitsaregrantedandthefundshavebeenraised,thenconstructionbegins.First,accessroadstothelandfillsitemustbebuiltiftheydonotalreadyexist.Thereroadswillbeusedbyconstructionequipment,sanitation(环卫)servicesandthegeneralpublic.Afterroadshavebeenbuilt,diggingcanbegin.IntheNorthWakeCountryLandfill,thelandfillbegan10feetbelowtheroadsurface.
WhatHappenstoTrashinaLandfill?
Trashputinalandfillwillstaythereforaverylongtime.Insidealandfill,thereislittleoxygenandlittlemoisture.Undertheseconditions,trashdoesnotbreakdownveryrapidly.Infact,whenoldlandfillshavebeenduguporsampled,40-year-oldnewspapershavebeenfoundwitheasilyreadableprint.Landfillsarenotdesignedtobreakdowntrash,merelytoburyit.Whenalandfillcloses,thesite,especiallythegroundwater,mustbemonitoredandmaintainedforupto30years!
HowIsaLandfillOperated?
Alandfill,suchastheNorthWakeCountyLandfill,mustbeopenandavailableeveryday.Customersaretypicallymunicipalitiesandconstructioncompanies,althoughresidentsmayalsousethelandfill.
Neartheentranceofthelandfillisarecyclingcenterwhereresidentscandropoffrecyclablematerials(aluminumcans,glassbottles,newspapersandpaperproducts).Thishelpstoreducetheamountofmaterialinthelandfill.Someofthesematerialsarebannedfromlandfillsbylawbecausetheycanberecycled.
Ascustomersenterthesite,theirtrucksareweighedatthescalehouse.Customersarechargedtippingfeesforusingthesite.Thetippingfeesvaryfrom$10to$40perton.Thesefeesareusedtopayforoperationcosts.TheNorthWakeCountyLandfillhasanoperatingbudgetofapproximately$4.5million,andpartofthatcomesfromtippingfees.
Alongthesite,therearedrop-offstationsformaterialsthatarenotwantedorlegallybannedbythelandfill.Amulti-materialdrop-offstationisusedfortires,motoroil,lead-acidbatteries.Someofthesematerialscanberecycled.
Inaddition,thereisahouseholdhazardouswastedrop-offstationforchemicals(paints,pesticides,otherchemicals)thatarebannedfromthelandfill.Thesechemicalsaredisposedofbyprivatecompanies.Somepaintscanberecycledandsomeorganicchemicalscanbeburnedinfurnacesorpowerplants.
Otherstructuresalongsidethelandfillaretheborrowedareathatsuppliesthesoilforthelandfill,therunoffcollectionpondandmethane(甲烷)station.
Landfillsarecomplicatedstructuresthat,whenproperlydesignedandmanaged,serveanimportantpurpose.Inthefuture,newtechnologiescalledbioreactorswillbeusedtospeedthebreakdownoftrashinlandfillsandproducemoremethane.
此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答;
8-10题在答题卡1上。
1.Thepassagegivesageneraldescriptionofthestructureanduseofalandfill.
2.MostofthetrashthatAmericansgenerateendsupinlandfills.
3.ComparedwithothermajorIndustrializedcountries,Americaburiesamuchhigherpercentageofitssolidwasteinlandfills.
4.Landfillsarelikecompostpilesinthattheyspeedupdecompositionoftheburiedtrash.
5.Inmostcountriestheselectionofalandfillsiteisgovernedbyrulesandregulations.
6.IntheUnitedStatesthebuildingoflandfillsisthejobofbothfederalandlocalgovernments.
7.Hazardouswasteshavetobetreatedbeforebeingdumpedintolandfills. PartⅢListeningComprehension(35minutes)
SectionA
Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.
此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
11.A)Themanhatestolendhistoolstootherpeople.
B)Themanhasn'
tfinishedworkingonthebookshelf.
C)Thetoolshavealreadybeenreturnedtothewoman.
D)Thetoolsthemanborrowedfromthewomanaremissing.
12.A)Savetimebyusingacomputer.B)Buyherowncomputer.
C)BorrowMartha'
scomputer.D)Stayhomeandcompleteherpaper.
13.A)HehasbeentoSeattlemanytimes.B)Hehaschairedalotofconferences.
C)Heholdsahighpositioninhiscompany.D)HelivedinSeattleformanyyears.
14.A)Teacherandstudent.B)Doctorandpatient.]
C)Managerandofficeworker.D)Travelagentandcustomer.
15.A)Sheknowstheguywhowillgivethelecture.
B)Shethinksthelecturemightbeinformative.
C)Shewantstoaddsomethingtoherlecture.
D)She'
llfinishherreportthisweekend.
16.A)Anartmuseum.C)Acollegecampus.
B)Abeautifulpark.D)Anarchitecturalexhibition.
17.A)Thehousesforsaleareofpoorquality.
B)Thehousesaretooexpensiveforthecoupletobuy.
C)Thehousingdevelopersprovidefreetripsforpotentialbuyers.
D)Themanisunwillingtotakealookatthehousesforsale.
18.A)Talkingaboutsports.C)Readingnewspapers.
B)Writinguplocalnews.D)Puttingupadvertisements.
Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.
19.A)Thebenefitsofstrongbusinesscompetition.
B)Aproposaltolowerthecostofproduction.
C)Complaintsabouttheexpenseofmodernization.
D)Suggestionsconcerningnewbusinessstr
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