级第四学期四级模拟Word格式文档下载.docx
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级第四学期四级模拟Word格式文档下载.docx
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1.全球性变暖的原因
2.提出解决的建议
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
BeautyandBodyImageintheMedia
Imagesoffemalebodiesareeverywhere.Women—andtheirbodyparts—selleverythingfromfoodtocars.Popularfilmandtelevisionactressesarebecomingyounger,tallerandthinner.Somehaveevenbeenknowntofaintonthesetfromlackoffood.Women’smagazinesarefullofarticlesurgingthatiftheycanjustlosethoselasttwentypounds,they’llhaveitall—theperfectmarriage,lovingchildren,greatsex,andarewardingcareer.
Whyarestandardsofbeautybeingimposedonwomen,themajorityofwhomarenaturallylargerandmorematurethananyofthemodels?
Theroots,someanalystssay,areeconomic.Bypresentinganidealdifficulttoachieveandmaintain,thecosmeticanddietproductindustriesareassuredofgrowthandprofits.
Andit’snoaccidentthatyouthisincreasinglypromoted,alongwiththinness,asanessentialcriterionofbeauty.Ifnotallwomenneedtoloseweight,forsurethey’reallaging,saystheQuebecActionNetworkforWomen’sHealthinits2001report.And,accordingtotheindustry,ageisadisasterthatneedstobedealtwith.
Thestakesarehuge.Ontheonehand,womenwhoareinsecureabouttheirbodiesaremorelikelytobuybeautyproducts,newclothes,anddietaids.Itisestimatedthatthedietindustryaloneisworthanywherebetween40to100billion(U.S.)ayearsellingtemporaryweightloss(90to95%ofdietersregainthelostweight).Ontheotherhand,researchindicatesthatexposuretoimagesofthin,young,air-brushedfemalebodiesislinkedtodepression,lossofself-esteemandthedevelopmentofunhealthyeatinghabitsinwomenandgirls.
TheAmericanresearchgroupAnorexiaNervosa&
RelatedEatingDisorders,Inc.saysthatoneoutofeveryfourcollege-agedwomenusesunhealthymethodsofweightcontrol—includingfasting,skippingmeals,excessiveexercise,laxative(泻药)abuse,andself-inducedvomiting.Thepressuretobethinisalsoaffectingyounggirls:
theCanadianWomen’sHealthNetworkwarnsthatweightcontrolmeasuresarenowbeingtakenbygirlsasyoungas5and6.Americanstatisticsaresimilar.Severalstudies,suchasoneconductedbyMarikaTiggemannandLevinaClarkin2006titled“AppearanceCultureinNine-to12-Year-OldGirls:
MediaandPeerInfluencesonBodyDissatisfaction,”indicatethatnearlyhalfofallpreadolescentgirlswishtobethinner,andasaresulthaveengagedinadietorareawareoftheconceptofdieting.In2003,Teenmagazinereportedthat35percentofgirls6to12yearsoldhavebeenonatleastonediet,andthat50to70percentofnormalweightgirlsbelievetheyareoverweight.Overallresearchindicatesthat90%ofwomenaredissatisfiedwiththeirappearanceinsomeway.
MediaactivistJeanKilbourneconcludesthat,“Womenaresoldtothedietindustrybythemagazineswereadandthetelevisionprogramswewatch,almostallofwhichmakeusfeelanxiousaboutourweight.”
UnattainableBeauty
Perhapsmostdisturbingisthefactthatmediaimagesoffemalebeautyareunattainableforallbutaverysmallnumberofwomen.ResearchersgeneratingacomputermodelofawomanwithBarbie-dollproportions,forexample,foundthatherbackwouldbetooweaktosupporttheweightofherupperbody,andherbodywouldbetoonarrowtocontainmorethanhalfaliverandafewcentimetersofbowel.Arealwomanbuiltthatwaywouldsufferfromchronicdiarrhea(慢性腹泻)andeventuallydiefrommalnutrition.JillBarad,PresidentofMattel(whichmanufacturesBarbie),estimatedthat99%ofgirlsaged3to10yearsoldownatleastoneBarbiedoll.
Still,thenumberofreallifewomenandgirlswhoseekasimilarlyunderweightbodyisepidemic,andtheycansufferequallydevastatinghealthconsequences.In2006itwasestimatedthatupto450,000Canadianwomenwereaffectedbyaneatingdisorder.
TheCultureofThinness
Researchersreportthatwomen’smagazineshavetenandone-halftimesmoreadsandarticlespromotingweightlossthanmen’smagazinesdo,andoverthree-quartersofthecoversofwomen’smagazinesincludeatleastonemessageabouthowtochangeawoman’sbodilyappearance—bydiet,exerciseorcosmeticsurgery.
Televisionandmoviesreinforcetheimportanceofathinbodyasameasureofawoman’sworth.CanadianresearcherGregoryFoutsreportsthatoverthree-quartersofthefemalecharactersinTVsituationcomediesareunderweight,andonlyoneintwentyareaboveaverageinsize.Heavieractressestendtoreceivenegativecommentsfrommalecharactersabouttheirbodies(“Howaboutwearingasack?
”),and80percentofthesenegativecommentsarefollowedbycannedaudiencelaughter.
Therehavebeeneffortsinthemagazineindustrytobuck(抵制,反抗)thetrend.ForseveralyearstheQuebecmagazineCoupdePoucehasconsistentlyincludedfull-sizedwomenintheirfashionpagesandChâ
telainehaspledgednottotouchupphotosandnottoincludemodelslessthan25yearsofage.InMadrid,oneoftheworld’sbiggestfashioncapitals,ultra-thinmodelswerebannedfromtherunwayin2006.FurthermoreSpainhasrecentlyundergoneaprojectwiththeaimtostandardizeclothingsizesthroughusingauniqueprocessinwhichalaserbeamisusedtomeasurereallifeofwomen’sbodiesinordertofindthemosttruetolifemeasurement.
Ethics
Anotherissueistherepresentationofethnicallydiversewomeninthemedia.A2008studyconductedbyJuanitaCovertandTravisDixontitled“AChangingView:
RepresentationandEffectsofthePortrayalofWomenofColorinMainstreamWomen’sMagazines”foundthatalthoughtherewasanincreaseintherepresentationofwomenofcolor,overallwhitewomenwereoverrepresentedinmainstreamwomen’smagazinesfrom1999to2004.Self-ImprovementorSelf-Destruction?
Thebarrageofmessagesaboutthinness,dietingandbeautytells“ordinary”womenthattheyarealwaysinneedofadjustment—andthatthefemalebodyisanobjecttobeperfected.
JeanKilbournearguesthattheoverwhelmingpresenceofmediaimagesofpainfullythinwomenmeansthatrealwomen’sbodieshavebecomeinvisibleinthemassmedia.Therealtragedy,Kilbourneconcludes,isthatmanywomeninternalizethesestereotypes,andjudgethemselvesbythebeautyindustry’sstandards.Womenlearntocomparethemselvestootherwomen,andtocompetewiththemformaleattention.Thisfocusonbeautyanddesirability“effectivelydestroysanyawarenessandactionthatmighthelptochangethatclimate.”
注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
1.Women’smagazinesarefullofarticlestourgewomento___________.
A)eatlesssweetfoodC)marryarichhusband
B)loseweightD)haveatleasttwokids
2.Thecosmeticanddietproductindustriesgainprofitsby____________.
A)exaggeratingthegoodnessabouttheirproducts
B)targetingatchildrenandfemales
C)presentinganidealimagedifficulttoachieve
D)distributingfreesamplesfromhometohome
3.CanadianWomen’shealthNetworkwarnsthatweightcontrolmeasuresarenowbeingtakenbygirls_____________.
A)atage5or6C)atage13or14
B)atage9or10D)atage16or17
4.In2003,Teenmagazinereportedthat____________percentofnormalweightgirlsbelievetheyareoverweight.
A)35to50B)50C)50to70D)90
5.ResearchersfoundthatarealwomanwithBarbie-dollproportionswould_____________.
A)sufferfromheartdiseaseC)liveamorerewardinglife
B)beverypopularwithmalesD)diefrommalnutrition
6.Televisionandmoviesemphasizethatawoman’sworthcanbejudgedby_____________.
A)thecosmeticssheusesC)thethinnessofherbody
B)thejewelryshewearsD)thewealthofherhusband
7.Spainhasrecentlyundergoneaprojectto_____________.
A)includefull-sizedwomeninitsfashionmagazines
B)standardizeclothingsizes
C)banultra-thinmodelsfromtherunway
D)promoteweightlossamongmen
8.Inmainstreamwomen’smagazinesfrom1999to2004,______________wereoverrepresented.
9.JeanKilbourneconcludesthatmanywomenjudgethemselvesby_______________________.
10.Thefocuson___________________________destroysanyawarenessandactionthatmighthelptochangethetrend.
PartIIIListeningComprehension(11-46略)
PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)
SectionA
Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepas-sage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.
Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Theeconomiccostsofnoiseareseveral.Airportsarecurrentlyoperatingatlessthan47becauseofnoiseregulationswhichrestricttheirhoursofoperation.Forinstance,atWashington’sNationalAirportnojettrafficisallowedfrom11pmto7am.Otherairportsrestricttheuseofcertainrunway.Oneestima
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- 第四 学期 模拟
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