矿物加工专业英语Word文档格式.docx
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矿物加工专业英语Word文档格式.docx
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Lesson8Crushers22
Unit4Grinding25
Lesson9IntroductiontoGrinding25
Lesson10TumblingMills27
Lesson11ControloftheGrindingCircuit30
Lesson12EnvironmentalEffectsonGrinding33
Unit5Screening36
Lesson13IntroductiontoScreening36
Lesson14FactorsAffectingScreening38
Lesson15ProbabilityScreening40
Unit6Classification43
Lesson16PrinciplesofClassification43
Lesson17Hydrocyclones46
Unit7GravityConcentration49
Lesson18AnIntroductiontoGravityConcentration49
Lesson19ClassificationofGravityConcentrationEquipment51
Lesson20GravityConcentrationEquipmentSelection
(2)53
Lesson21HeavyMediumSeparation56
Lesson22Jigging58
Lesson23PrinciplesofJiggingOperation
(2)60
Lesson24PrinciplesofJiggingOperation(3)64
Lesson25PinchedSluices,ConesandSpirals65
Lesson26TheShakingTable68
Lesson27Bartles-MozleyTablesandBartlesCross-beltSeparator71
Unit8MagneticandHigh-tensionSeparation74
Lesson28MagneticSeparation74
Lesson29PrinciplesandMechansmsofMagneticSeparation76
Lesson30ThemagneticForce78
Lesson31SelectionofMagneticSeparationTechnique81
Lesson32ElectrostaticSeparation83
Unit9FrothFlotation85
Lesson33PrinciplesofFlotation85
Lesson34Collectors87
Lesson35AnionicCollectors89
Lesson36Frothers92
Lesson37Regulators95
Lesson38Depressants97
Lesson39LaboratoryFlotationTesting99
Lesson40BulkofLaboratoryTestwork101
Lesson41PilotPlantTestword103
Lesson42ElectroflotationandAgglomeration-SkinFlotation106
Lesson43FlotationofLead-ZincOres108
Lesson44FlotationofLead-Zinc-CopperOres110
Unit10OreSorting113
Lesson45Introduction113
Lesson46MechanicsofSorting115
Unit11Dewatering118
Lesson47Sedimentation118
Lesson48Filtration120
Unit12TailingDisposal122
Lesson49Introduction122
Lesson50TailingsPondsandDams123
编者的话
本书是在1989年东北工学院矿物工程系张维庆、韦大为、徐继润编写的AnEnglishCourseForMineralProcessing基础上,进行修订的。
修订中对原教材中不合适的章节和内容作了适当的改动,并按专业的完整性、系统性进行按单元排列,为了提高学生的阅读能力,每一课的后面都增加了练习部分。
本书为高等院校矿物加工工程专业学生第七学期使用的教材,其目的在于让学生掌握科技英语的特点,并掌握一定量的专业词汇,为今后阅读专业英文书刊及文献打下基础。
书中的内容选自多种原版专业教材及论文,书中的生词词性及中文注释是以在本书出现的词性和中文意思为主给出的,同时也在一定程度上兼顾了其它词性和词义。
全书共包括十二个单元五十课,授课时数50学时左右,使用时可根据具体情况选择合适的单元和课时。
参加本书修订的有东北大学张维庆、魏德洲,由张维庆担任主编,对全书作了统一整理和修改。
由于编者的水平有限,书中难免会有缺点和错误,恳切希望读者批评指正。
PREFACE
Thisbookissplitintotwelveunitsandcontains50lessonsdealingwithdifferentfacetsofthesubject.TheobjectiveofthisbookistoattempttomakestudentsmasterthecharacteristicsoftechnicalEnglishandlearnsomeEnglishwordsonmineralprocessing.
Thebookisdesignedforuseintheseventhsemester,thefirstsemesterofthesenioryear.Itissupposedtobecompletedin50hours,onehourallottedtoeachlesson.
ThereismuchlefttobedesiredfortheauthorsabilityinEnglish.Teachers,expertsandallwhouseitarewelcomedtomakeanycommentsaboutit.
September,1997
Authors
Shenyang
Unit1Introduction
Lesson1
Text
MineralsandOres
Therocksthatfromtheearth’scrustareclassifiedasigneous,metamorphic,orsedimentary;
Butsincethemantleisprobablythestartingpointforallrocks,theaveragecompositionofthecrustcanbeassumedtobesimilartothatofanaverageigneousrock.SuchanestimateisshowninTable1.1.Anotablefeatureofthesedataisthatthecommonmetalsarepresentinthecrustinverysmallamounts.Alsoshowninthetablearethepricesofsomeelements,anditcanbeseenthatthereislittlecorrelationbetweenabundanceandprice.Despitethemanyfactorsthataffectthesellingpriceandtheconsumption,thegeneralsupplyanddemandsituationmeansthatproductioncostsarestillasignificantfactorindeterminingthesellingpriceofamaterial.Inturn,productioncostsdependonthecostsofthethreemainprocessingstages:
mining,mineralprocessing,andextractivemetallurgy.
Table1.1AverageCompositionofIgneousRock
Element
%
Cost
$/kg
Oxygen
46.6
Silicon
27.7
1.10
Aluminium
81
1.20
Iron
5.0
0.22
Calcium
3.6
~4.40
Sodium
2.8
~0.8
Potassium
2.6
~6.6
Magnesium
21
2.22
Titanium
0.6
7.2
Manganese
0.1
1.28
Sulfur
0.06
0.05
Zirconium
0.03
37.74
Nickel
0.02
4.58
Vanadium
0.017
Copper
0.010
1.46
Zinc
0.004
0.68
Lead
0002
0.74
Cobalt
0001
24.4
Tin
0.001
13.87
Ce,Ga,Li,Nb,Th,Yt
10~100ppm
As,B,Ge,Hf,Mo,Sb,U,W
1~10ppm
Bi,Cd,In
0.1~1ppm
Ag,Pd,Se
001~0.1ppm
Au,Ir,Os,Pt
<
0.01ppm
Inbroadtermsthemineralprocessingmethodemployeddependsonthemineralbeingprocessed,whichinturndependsonwhetherthatmineralisamenabletoreductiontoametal.Threefactorsdeterminewhetherandhowametallicmineralcanbereducedtoametal:
thechemicalstabilityofthemetalcompound,thenatureoftheanion(s)combinedwiththemetal,andtheabilitytoengineerapracticalprocess.
Ingeneralthemorestablethecompoundthemoredifficultandexpensiveitwillbetoreduceittoameal.
Carbon(asCO)isthecheapestandmostconvenientreductantavailable,andsoitisusedwhereverpossible.Unfortunately,metalssuchascopper,lead,zinc,andnickeloccurinsuitableconcentrationsintheearth’scrustonlyassulfides,andbecausethesulfuraniondoesnotformastablecompoundwithcarbon,carboncannotbeuseddirectlyasareducdant.Toovercomethisproblem,sulfidesfirsthavetobeconvertedtooxidesbyaprocessknownasroasting:
(Meal)S+O2→(metal)O+SO2
Engineeringlimitationscanbeillustratedbyreferencetothereductionofaluminumoxide.Althoughthiscomparativelystableoxidecanbereducedbycarbon,thehightemperaturesnecessaryimposesevereengineeringproblems.Consequently,inpractice,lowertemperaturesareused,employingelectricalenergytobringaboutthereduction.Inaddition,becausemostoftheimpuritiesarereducedatthesametime,theymustberemovedbyachemicalrefiningprocessbeforereduction.Theexpenseofthischemicalrefiningmeansthatoreswithonlyonemajorimpurityareacceptable,eventhoughthereareextensivedepositsoflesssuitableminerals.
Insummary,whetheramineralareabecomesanorebodydependsonthetechnologyandeconomicsofthecombinedoperationsofmining,mineralprocessing,andextractivemetallurgy.Iftheorebodyisofahighgrade,moreexpensiveoperationscanbetoleratedinoneormorestages.However,asoregradedecreases,onlyhighlyefficientoperationscanbetolerated.Theclassicexampleisthegradualdecreaseintheminimumgradeofcopperoressincetheturnofthecentury.Thisdeclinehasbeenattainedinfaceofvirtuallyconstantcopperprices(inrealterms)andhasbeenachievedpartlybyimprovementsintechnology,butlargelybyeconomicsofscale.
Themostcommonnonferrous(i.e.,non-iron)oresarethesulfides,andtypicallytheyarelowgrade.Theterm“oxide”or“oxidizedore”isappliedtomineralcontainingoxygen,suchastheoxides,hydratedoxides,sulfates,carbonates,andsilicates.Thesevaryfromrelativelyhighgradeores(aluminiumoresaregivenvirtuallynophysicalbeneficiation,whileasmallproportionofironoresarestillusedwithoutconcentration),downtoverylowgradematerialscontaininglessthan1%valuable,asinthecaseofsomeplacerdepositsoftinores.
Nonmetallicoresarethosethatarenotusedfortheproductionofametal:
theymayhowevercontainametal.ExamplesareorescontainingMgOorAl2O3usedtomakerefractories.
Anyorecanbeconsideredtobemadeupoftwocomponents:
thevaluableminerals,andthewasteorganguecomponents.Complexoresarethosethatcontainmorethanonevaluablemineral(Evenso,oneshouldappreciatethatinmanysituationsthevaluablemineralsareextractedoneatatime,sothatwithrespecttoagivenseparator,anyvaluablethatisremovedlaterisconsideredtobetailingsuntilitisrecovered.)
Itisessentialatthisstagetograspthefactthateachoreisunique,andasaconsequencetherearenostandardmineralprocessingprocedures,eventhoughsomemayappeartobeverysimilar.Athoroughknowledgeofthemineralogyofanoreisthereforeessentialnotonlyforthedesignofaplant,butalsofortheresearchprogramthatcollectsdatatobeusedforplantdesign.Furthermore,onceamillisinoperation,regularappraisalofthemineralogyisjustasessentialforfinetuningandformaintainingefficiency.Thisarisesbecauseorebodiesarenothomogeneous;
thusvariationsinfeedmineralogyarenormalandmayoccurtosuchanextentthatmajorcircuitmodificationsarerequired.
Certainbasicmineralogicalknowledgeisimportant:
Thegradeoftheoreintermsofthevaluablemineral.
Thegrainsizeofthemineral.
Thecombinationofmineralspresent.
Therelativeformandassociationofminerals.
Theexistenceoftraceelementsinthelatticeofthevaluablemineral.
Theoccurrenceofminoramountsofpotentiallyvaluableminerals.
Newwords
rockn.岩石;
暗礁;
大石块;
v.摇动
crustn.硬壳;
面包皮;
theearth’scrust地壳;
v.用外皮覆盖;
结硬皮
igneousa.火成的;
似火的;
~rock火成岩
metamorphica.变质的;
~rock变质岩
sedimentarya.沉积的;
~rock沉积岩
mantlen.地幔;
罩,盖,外层;
v.罩上,盖上,扩展
abundancen.数量;
丰富
miningn.采矿;
矿业;
a.矿业的,采矿的
mineralprocessingn.选矿;
矿物加工
extr
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