Difference of court system between The US and China文档格式.docx
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Difference of court system between The US and China文档格式.docx
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hasthemeaningdoesnotcorrespondtosomelevelofadministrativedivision,inagreaternumberofStatescanhaveseveralUnitedStatesDistrictCourt,inthiscase,theStatecanbedividedinto"
North"
and"
Southern"
"
Western"
East"
area(onthenameofthisDivisionisreflectedintheCourt),forexample:
WisconsinEasternDistrictCourt.
Areaswithalayerof"
UnitedStatesCourtofappeals"
theCourtofappealcurrentlyhas11.AreasofjurisdictionoftheCourtofappealcalled"
tour"
atouringzonemaygoverningthejurisdictionoftheCourtofappealinseveralStates.AspecificofficialnameaccordingtotheirCircuitCourtofappealsdistrictnumbernaming,suchas"
UnitedStatesDistrictCourtofappealsforthesecondcircuit"
.
UnitedStatesSupremeCourtestablishedbytheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,isthefinalCourtofappeal.Inaddition,theUnitedStatesCongressalsoestablishedanumberofspecializedcourtstodealwithspecialcases:
theCourtofFederalclaims(Washington),theFederalCustomsCourt(NewYork),UnitedStatesCourtofcustomsandpatentappeals,theFederalCourtofmilitaryappeals.
OntheStateCourt,UnitedStatesallStateshavearespectivecompletejusticesystem,mostStateCourtconstitutedbythethree-levelcourt,andsomeonlyforatwo-level.KnownastheDistrictCourt,CircuitCourtoffirstinstancecourts,HighCourt,someStatessuchasNewYorkStateSupremeCourt.Setthree-StateleveltotheintermediatecourtinthemiddleoftheCourt,istheCourtofappeal,thattheCourtofappeal.StateistheStateoftheCourtofJusticeoftheSupremeCourt.InsomeStates,theCourtoffirstinstanceandsetupaSpecialCourt,suchasfamilyanddomesticrelationsCourt(NewYork)
People'
sRepublicofChinaestablishedtheSupremePeople'
sCourt,localpeople'
scourts,militarycourtsandotherspecialpeople'
scourtsatalllevels.SubjecttotheCourtofappealoftheSupremePeople'
sCourtastheonlyoutsidetheCourt,aredividedintolocalcourtsandspecializedcourtsthetwosystems.Localcourtsaredividedintothreelevels,respectivelycalledgrass-rootspeople'
scourts,theintermediatepeople'
sCourt,thehighpeople'
sCourt.ThatcorrespondstothesettingoftheDistrictCourttotheGovernmentExecutivepowermanagementareaasabase.Specialpeople'
scourtsareanintegralpartintheChinesecourtsystem."
Specialized"
verbalfightbytheNPCStandingCommitteeaccordingtothisconceptneedstobeexplainedanddecidedtoestablishthespecialjurisdictionoftheCourt.
Thepoliticalandeconomicsystemsindifferentcountrieshaveundergonefundamentalchanges.Thejudicialsystemseparatedfrompoliticshasgreatdifferences.Thesocialfunctionsandsocialrolesofthecourtsarealsodifferent.However,thecourtsofvariouscountriesoftheadministrationofjusticematters,whichislefttothecourtsthemselves.Judicialadministrationofthecourtsisanimportantaspectthataffectstheindependentstatusofthecourtsandtheworkingenvironmentofthejudges.TheCourt'
sjudicialadministrationiscommonlyreferredtoastheCourt'
speople,financialandmaterialissues,including:
theCourt'
sinfrastructure,theCourt'
sfundingmanagement,theCourtstaffingarrangements,thejudge'
srecruitment,assessment,promotionanddismissalofcasesmanagementandstatistics.ThroughoutChinaandtheUnitedStatestheissueofjudicialadministration,itcanbesaidthatalmostallofChina'
sjudicialadministrationinthebureaucratic,andtheUScourtstoimplementtheadministrationofjudicialautonomy,thejudgesalmostnonationalcivilservice.
ThequalificationscomparisonofJudgesintheadministrationofjusticebetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates:
undertheinfluenceinthethinkingthatcourtisthelastlineofsocialjustice,thejudgeisthedefensivegoalkeeper,sotheUnitedStatesonthequalificationsofjudgeshasverystrictrequirements.IntheUnitedStates,afederalcourtjudge(fromtheSupremeCourttotheDistrictCourt)mustbe:
(1)aUScitizen;
(2)graduateoftheAmericanUniversitySchoolofLawandgetaJDdegree(USlegaleducationisnotsetupundergraduatelaw,collegegraduateapplylawschool,afterthreeyearsofstudytocompletethecreditsthentheycangranttheJDdegree,that'
sthe"
legalprofession"
);
(3)qualifiedafterarigorousqualificationexamination,andthemanmusthasbeenworkingasalawyerforseveralyears.JudgeswhoserveasjudgesoftheStateCourt,inparticulartheSupremeCourt,theCourtofAppealandtheCourtofFirstInstanceofordinaryjurisdiction,shallingeneralpossesstheaboveconditions.WecanseethattheUnitedStatesemphasizesthatthejudgeisapersonwithrichpracticalexperienceandgoodmoralknowledge.Thegeneralrequirementforthejudgeis"
theelder,theexperienceandtheelite"
.Lawschoolgraduatescannotengagedinthejudgescareerafteroutofthegate,thatisonlyintheknowledgeandexperiencetoacertainlevel,thatcantoboardthejudge'
sthrone.
ComparedwiththeUnitedStates,thequalityofjudicialpersonnelinChinamaybeispoorer,andthequalificationrequirementsforjudgesarelower.Judgingfromthesourceofthejudgespoint,theyaremainlybythepoliticalandlegalinstitutionsgraduates,soldiersandsocialrehabilitationcomposition,andthelattertwoaccountedforalargeproportionofthenumber.Althoughthe"
JudgeLaw"
basedonChina'
snationalconditions,fromthepoliticalquality,culturallevel,legalknowledge,workexperience,ageandhealthstatus,thequalificationsofjudgesasamorestringentrequirementsforjudgesatthebeginningofahigherThebasicqualityofthelegalguarantee,reflectstheprogressofthetimes.However,thelimitationsoftheJudgeLawareobvious:
inordernottohavetoomuchdisparitywiththeexistingconditionsofthejudges,theJudgeLawistoobroadintermsofthetermsofofficeofjudges;
judgeswhoareelectedonsuchtermscannothaveProfoundlegalknowledge,richexperienceinthetrial,itisimpossibletohaveawiderangeofsocialexperience.Althoughthejudgesmusttogothroughtheinitialexaminationofthequalificationsofjudges,buttheirqualifiedforhighlyprofessionaltrialworkcannotbesaidtobereluctant.So,toensurethehighqualityofthefirstjudge,sothattrulybecomethe"
patronsaintofjustice,"
wemustfurtherenhancefromlegislationtothequalificationsofjudgesinChina.
ComparisonofJudgePersonnelManagementinUSandChineseCourtsSystem:
JudgesintheUnitedStatesarenotpromotedintermsofpromotiontolowercourtsandhighercourts,andtheappointmentofjudgesinhighercourtsorhighercourtsisgenerallydeterminedbyreputationandoutstandingachievements.Americanjudgesareindependent,onlyobeythelaw,maketherefereebyoneself,nolongerneedtoreporttotheotherjudgesordeantoapprovethecase.In1973,theUnitedStatesCongressestablishedtheCourtsAdministrationandtheCircuitJudicialCommitteeastheexecutivebodiesoftheJudicialConferences.TheCourtAdministrationconsistsofprofessionaladministratorswhomanagethebudget,personnel,procurementandothergeneralandancillaryfunctionsoftheFederalCourt.OneoftheresponsibilitiesoftheCounciloftheJudicialCommitteeistoreviewandsupporttherequestsmadebytheregionsfortheappointmentofnewjudges.Thisstrictinspectionofpersonnelappointmentandremovalwillhelpstrengthenthesenseofsacrednessandmissionofthejudgeonthejob,butalsoconducivetotheindependenceofthecourtstoexercisejudicialpower.
InChina,thepersonneladministrationofjudgesiscompletelyadministrative.TheDepartmentofPoliticalAffairsintheCourtisthebodyresponsiblefortheCourt'
spersonnelmanagement.Judgesofthepromotion,rewardsandpunishments,separationsdismissedbytheCourt'
sPoliticalDepartmentinaccordancewiththeadministrativeorgansofthepersonnelmanagementmodeltooperate.Inthismodeofoperation,thecourtinthetrialofjudgesandengagedinnon-trialstaffareknownas"
cadres"
thedifferencebetweenthetwoisnotclear.Atthesametime,therankdesignofthejudgesinthecourtshasalsofullyintroducedthehierarchicalmodelusedintheexecutivesystem,whichnotonlymeansthedifferenceofpoliticaltreatment,butalsoshowstherankofthehierarchyandthesizeoftheresponsibility,Abilitydifference.Itreinforcestheexecutiverankofthehighjudge'
sinfluenceandtherankoflowjudge'
sobedience.Thisisnotconducivetojudgetheindependentjudgmentsofthemanagementmodelisboundtoincreasetheuncertaintyofjudicialjudgments,andforimproperinterventioninjudicialactivitiestofacilitate.
ComparingtheGuaranteeofCourtFunds:
TheUnitedStatescourtfundingsecuritysystemfromtheobjectivetoprotectthein
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