THE FIRST COMPUTERWord文件下载.docx
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THE FIRST COMPUTERWord文件下载.docx
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CharlesBabbage,inventorofthefirstmechanicalcomputer
CharlesBabbageiscreditedastheinventorofthefirstmechanicalcomputer.
Thefirst,programmable“computingmachine”
Withoutgettingtootechnical,thefirst“computingmachine”wascreatedbyCharlesBabbagein1822.Hisideawasnotreallytocreateacomputerasweknowthemtoday,butinstead,tocreateamachinethatwouldcomputemathproblems.Hewastiredofhumanerrorsincompletingmathproblems,sohesoughttocreateaninfalliblemathmachine,butwhathegotinsteadwasamachinethatwasthebasisforwhatweknownowasthecomputer.
Birthplace
CharlesBabbagewasborninEngland,andspenthislifeandcareerthere.Englandisproudofitsson,andsomeofhisworksaredisplayedatamuseuminLondon.CharlesattendedTrinityCollegeatCambridgeUniversity,andcompletedhisstudiesatPeterhouseCambridgeinmathematics.Thiseducationwouldhelptoguidehimtohislife’smostimportantwork.
TheBabbagemachine
CharlesBabbage’smachine,theBabbagemachinewasthefirstprogrammable,analyticalmachineanditwasafullyautomaticcalculatingmachine.Fundamentally,moderndaycomputersdothesamething,readaprogramandexecuteit.
Itwasprogrammable
TheuniquethingaboutBabbage’smachinewasthatyoucouldprogramit.Previousinventionofthecalculatorwasalreadyavailablebutworkedonafixedsetsofrules.
Inventionofthecomputer
Isn’titamazingthattheinventionBabbagesoughttocreateendedupbeingsomethingthatwouldbenefithumanlifecenturieslater?
Babbageusedtheknowledgehegainedthroughhiseducationtoworkonamachinethatwouldfigureoutmathproblems.Unfortunately,henevergottoseethefullcompletionofhisdreamprojectbecauseheranoutofmoney.Althoughhismachinewasleftuncompleted,hisideawaslaterdevelopedintoaversionofthecomputerthatweknowoftoday,andBabbageisgenerallyconsideredthe“fatherofcomputers”.
Wecouldarguethatthefirstcomputerwastheabacusoritsdescendant,thesliderule,inventedbyWilliamOughtredin1622.Butthefirstcomputerresemblingtoday'
smodernmachineswastheAnalyticalEngine,adeviceconceivedanddesignedbyBritishmathematicianCharlesBabbagebetween1833and1871.BeforeBabbagecamealong,a"
computer"
wasaperson,someonewholiterallysataroundallday,addingandsubtractingnumbersandenteringtheresultsintotables.Thetablesthenappearedinbooks,sootherpeoplecouldusethemtocompletetasks,suchaslaunchingartilleryshellsaccuratelyorcalculatingtaxes.
Itwas,infact,amammothnumber-crunchingprojectthatinspiredBabbageinthefirstplace[source:
Campbell-Kelly].NapoleonBonaparteinitiatedtheprojectin1790,whenheorderedaswitchfromtheoldimperialsystemofmeasurementstothenewmetricsystem.For10years,scoresofhumancomputersmadethenecessaryconversionsandcompletedthetables.Bonapartewasneverabletopublishthetables,however,andtheysatcollectingdustintheAcadé
miedessciencesinParis.
In1819,BabbagevisitedtheCityofLightandviewedtheunpublishedmanuscriptwithpageafterpageoftables.Ifonly,hewondered,therewasawaytoproducesuchtablesfaster,withlessmanpowerandfewermistakes.HethoughtofthemanymarvelsgeneratedbytheIndustrialRevolution.Ifcreativeandhardworkinginventorscoulddevelopthecottonginandthesteamlocomotive,thenwhynotamachinetomakecalculations[source:
Campbell-Kelly]?
BabbagereturnedtoEnglandanddecidedtobuildjustsuchamachine.HisfirstvisionwassomethinghedubbedtheDifferenceEngine,whichworkedontheprincipleoffinitedifferences,ormakingcomplexmathematicalcalculationsbyrepeatedadditionwithoutusingmultiplicationordivision.Hesecuredgovernmentfundingin1824andspenteightyearsperfectinghisidea.In1832,heproducedafunctioningprototypeofhistable-makingmachine,onlytofindhisfundinghadrunout.
But,asyoumighthaveguessed,thestorydoesn'
tendthere.
CharlesBabbageandtheAnalyticalEngine
Somepeoplemighthavebeendiscouraged,butnotBabbage.InsteadofsimplifyinghisdesigntomaketheDifferenceEngineeasiertobuild,heturnedhisattentiontoanevengranderidea--theAnalyticalEngine,anewkindofmechanicalcomputerthatcouldmakeevenmorecomplexcalculations,includingmultiplicationanddivision.
ThebasicpartsoftheAnalyticalEngineresemblethecomponentsofanycomputersoldonthemarkettoday.Itfeaturedtwohallmarksofanymodernmachine:
acentralprocessingunit,orCPU,andmemory.Babbage,ofcourse,didn'
tusethoseterms.HecalledtheCPUthe"
mill."
Memorywasknownasthe"
store."
Healsohadadevice--the"
reader"
--toinputinstructions,aswellasawaytorecord,onpaper,resultsgeneratedbythemachine.Babbagecalledthisoutputdeviceaprinter,theprecursorofinkjetandlaserprinterssocommontoday.
Babbage'
snewinventionexistedalmostentirelyonpaper.Hekeptvoluminousnotesandsketchesabouthiscomputers--nearly5,000pages'
worth--andalthoughheneverbuiltasingleproductionmodeloftheAnalyticalEngine,hehadaclearvisionabouthowthemachinewouldlookandwork.BorrowingthesametechnologyusedbytheJacquardloom,aweavingmachinedevelopedin1804-05thatmadeitpossibletocreateavarietyofclothpatternsautomatically,datawouldbeenteredonpunchedcards.Upto1,00050-digitnumberscouldbeheldinthecomputer'
sstore.Punchedcardswouldalsocarrytheinstructions,whichthemachinecouldexecuteoutofsequentialorder.Asingleattendantwouldoverseethewholeoperation,butsteamwouldpowerit,turningcranks,movingcamsandrods,andspinninggearwheels.
Unfortunately,thetechnologyofthedaycouldn'
tdeliveronBabbage'
sambitiousdesign.Itwasn'
tuntil1991thathisparticularideaswerefinallytranslatedintoafunctioningcomputer.That'
swhentheScienceMuseuminLondonbuilt,toBabbage'
sexactspecifications,hisDifferenceEngine.Itstands11feetlongand7feettall(morethan3meterslongand2meterstall),contains8,000movingpartsandweighs15tons(13.6metrictons).AcopyofthemachinewasbuiltandshippedtotheComputerHistoryMuseuminMountainView,Calif.,whereitremainedondisplayuntilDecember2010.Neitherdevicewouldfunctiononadesktop,buttheyarenodoubtthefirstcomputersandprecursorstothemodernPC.
Firstgeneral-purposecomputingdevice
AportionofBabbage'
sDifferenceengine.
CharlesBabbage,anEnglishmechanicalengineerandpolymath,originatedtheconceptofaprogrammablecomputer.Consideredthe"
fatherofthecomputer"
[4]heconceptualizedandinventedthefirstmechanicalcomputerintheearly19thcentury.Afterworkingonhisrevolutionarydifferenceengine,designedtoaidinnavigationalcalculations,in1833herealizedthatamuchmoregeneraldesign,anAnalyticalEngine,waspossible.Theinputofprogramsanddatawastobeprovidedtothemachineviapunchedcards,amethodbeingusedatthetimetodirectmechanicalloomssuchastheJacquardloom.Foroutput,themachinewouldhaveaprinter,acurveplotterandabell.Themachinewouldalsobeabletopunchnumbersontocardstobereadinlater.TheEngineincorporatedanarithmeticlogicunit,controlflowintheformofconditionalbranchingandloops,andintegratedmemory,makingitthefirstdesignforageneral-purposecomputerthatcouldbedescribedinmoderntermsasTuring-complete.
Themachinewasaboutacenturyaheadofitstime.Allthepartsforhismachinehadtobemadebyhand-thiswasamajorproblemforadevicewiththousandsofparts.Eventually,theprojectwasdissolvedwiththedecisionoftheBritishGovernmenttoceasefunding.Babbage'
sfailuretocompletetheanalyticalenginecanbechieflyattributedtodifficultiesnotonlyofpoliticsandfinancing,butalsotohisdesiretodevelopanincreasinglysophisticatedcomputerandtomoveaheadfasterthananyoneelsecouldfollow.Neverthelesshisson,HenryBabbage,completedasimplifiedversionoftheanalyticalengine'
scomputingunit(themill)in1888.Hegaveasuccessfuldemonstrationofitsuseincomputingtablesin1906.
Earlyanalogcomputers
SirWilliamThomson'
sthirdtide-predictingmachinedesign,1879–81
Duringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,manyscientificcomputingneedsweremetbyincreasinglysophisticatedanalogcomputers,whichusedadirectmechanicalorelectricalmodeloftheproblemasabasisforcomputation.However,thesewerenotprogrammableandgenerallylackedtheversatilityandaccuracyofmoderndigitalcomputers.[7]
Thefirstmodernanalogcomputerwasatide-predictingmachine,inventedbySirWilliamThomsonin1872.Thedifferentialanalyser,amechanicalanalogcomputerdesignedtosolvedifferentialequationsbyintegrationusingwheel-and-discmechanisms,wasconceptualizedin1876byJamesThomson,thebrotherofthemorefamousLordKelvin.[8]
Theartofmechanicalanalogcomputingreacheditszenithwiththedifferentialanalyzer,builtbyH.L.HazenandVannevarBushatMITstartingin1927.Thisbui
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