物流英语课文Word下载.docx

物流英语课文Word下载.docx

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Logisticsispartofasupplychain.

Aboundedwarehouseisawarehouseinwhichgoodsarestoredwithoutexciseorcustomsdutiesbeingpaiduntilandunlesstheyareremovedfromthewarehousetoenterthecountry.

Transportisbyrailroads,planes,ships,trucksandpipes.

Ourworkismainlytomovegoodsandtransmit/receiveinformationatthelowestpossiblecost.

Informationisakeytotheprocessoflogistics.

Warehousingisnotanewterm,butithasgainednewfunctionsinmodernlogistics.

Inventorycontrolcaneffectivelyreducelogisticscost.

Packagingandsortingaretwofactorsthatareincludedinlogistics.

Textwhatislogistics

Logisticsisauniqueglobal“pipeline”thatoperates24hoursaday,sevendaysaweek,52weeksayear,planningandcoordinatingthetransportanddeliveryofproductsandservicetocustomerstheworldover.

Comingintobeingwiththeadventofcivilization,logisticsisanythingbutanewbornbaby.However,whenitcomestomodernlogistics,mostprofessionalsinthebusinessconsideritoneofthemostchallengingandexcitingjobs,invisibleasitis.

Modernlogisticsisrelatedtotheeffectiveandefficientflowofmaterialsandinformationthatareofvitalimportancetocustomersandclientsinvarioussectorsoftheeconomicsociety,whichmayincludebutbynomeansislimitedto:

Packagingwarehousingmaterialhandlinginventorytransportforecasting

Strategicplanningandcustomerservice

Packagingistheouterwrappingofaproduct.Itisintendedpurposeofthepackagingtomakeaproductreadilysellableaswellasprotectitagainstdamageandpreventitfromdeteriorationwheninstock.Furthermore,packagingisoftenthemostrelevantelementofatrademarkandconducestoadvertisingorcommunication.

Warehousingissometimesneeded,andcanbeprovided,tocomplementinboundandoutboundtransportationservices.Thereare4distincttypesofwarehousingavailable,dependinguponloadcontent:

forfinishedgoods,forrawmaterials;

forconsumerfulfillment;

andforvendor-managedinventory.

Materialhandlingisanykindofmethodsformovingmaterial.Materialcanbemoveddirectlybypeopleliftingtheitemsorusinghandcarts,slings,andotherhandlingaccessories（manualliftingandhandling）.Materialcanalsobemovedbypeopleusingmachinessuchascranes,forklifttrucks,andotherliftingfixtures（mechanicallifting）.

Inventoryisadetailedlistofalltheitemsinstock,suchasacompany’smerchandise,rawmaterials,andfinishedandunfinishedproductswhichhavenotyetbeensold.

Transportisthemovementofpeople,goods,signalsandinformationfromoneplacetoanother.

Forecastingistoestimatethelikelihoodofaneventtakingplaceinthefuture,basedonavailabledatafromthepast.

Strategicplanningisplanningwhichfocusesonlongerrangeobjectivesandgoals.Itisessentiallydirection-settingandoftenfocusesonnewproductsandnewmarkets.

Customerserviceisthesetofbehaviorsthatabusinessundertakesduringitsinteractionwithitscustomers.Itcanalsorefertoaspecificpersonordeskwhichissetuptoprovidegeneralassistancetocustomers.

Asystematicaldefinitionoflogisticsissuppliedbythecounciloflogisticsmanagement:

“logisticsisthatpartofthesupplychainprocessthatplans,implementsandcontrolstheefficient,effectiveflowandstorageofgoods,serviceandrelatedinformationfromthepointoforigintothepointofconsumptiontomeetcustomers’requirements.”Althoughthisdefinitionfailstoincorporateallspecifictermsusedinthestudyoflogistics,itdoesreflecttheneedfortotalmovementmanagementfrompointofmaterialprocurementtolocationoffinishedproductdistribution.

Animportantfactor

Pre-textlearning:

Ø

Oneofthekeyactivitiesiscustomerservice,which,cooperatingwithmarketing,setscustomerservicelevels.

Thebasictaskofcustomerserviceistodeterminecustomers’needsandwantsforlogisticscustomerservice.

Oneofthebasictasksofalogisticsanalystistodeterminecustomerresponsetoservice.

Customerserviceisaprocessofprovidingsignificantvalue-addedbenefitstothesupplychaininacost-effectiveway.

Availabilityisthecapacitytohaveinventorywhenitisdesiredbyacustomer.

Inventorycanbeclassifiedintotwogroups:

basestockdeterminedbyforecastedrequirementsandheldtosupportbasicavailability,andsafetystocktocoverdemandthatexceedsforecastedvolumesandtoaccommodateunexpectedoperationalvariances.

Consistencyreferstoafirm’sabilitytoperformattheexpecteddeliverytimeoveralargenumberofperformancecycles.

Operationalflexibilityreferstoafirm’sabilitytohandleextraordinarycustomerservicerequests.

Customerservice

Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthatproductsareoftwokinds,productsforcustomersandproductsforindustrialuse.Asindustrialproductsarenotthekeyfactorsinplanningaphysicaldistributionstrategy,theywillnotbementionedinthistext.

Animportantcharacteristicofanyproductisitsavailabilityattheplacewhereacustomerwishestoconsumeit.Andthisiswhatlogisticsischieflyconcernedwith.Productsareofanyvaluewhenandonlywhentheyaremovedtotherightplacewhereitisavailabletothecustomer.Thus,weshouldmakeananalysisofproducts,dependingonwhousesthemandhowtheyareused.

Consumerproductsarethosethataredirectedtoultimateconsumers.Accordingtothethreedifferentwaysinwhichconsumersselectgoodsandservicesandwheretheybuythem,consumerproductscanbeputintothreecategories:

convenienceproducts,shoppingproducts,andspecialtyproducts.

Convenienceproductsarethosegoodsandservicesthatconsumerspurchasefrequently,immediately,andwithlittlecomparativeshopping.Typicalproductsarebankingservices,tobaccoitems,andmanyfoodstuffs.Thereproductsgenerallyrequirewidedistributionthroughmanyoutlets.Distributioncostsaretypicallyhighbutaremorethanjustifiedbytheincreasedsalespotentialthatisbroughtaboutbythiswideandextensivedistribution.Customerservicelevels,asexpressedintermsofproductavailabilityandaccessibility,mustbehightoencourageanyreasonabledegreeofcustomerpatronagefortheproducts.

Shoppingproductsarethoseforwhichconsumersarewillingtoseekandcompare:

comparinginmanylocationstheprice,quality,andperformance,andmakingapurchaseonlyaftercarefuldeliberation.Typicalproductsinthiscategoryarefashionclothes,automobiles,homefurnishings,andmedicalcare.Becauseofthecustomer’swillingnesstoshoparound,anindividualsuppliermaystockgoodsorofferservicesinonlyafewoutletsinagivenmarketarea.Distributioncostsforsuchsuppliersaresomewhatlowerthanforconvenienceproducts,andproductdistributionneednotbeaswidespread.

Specialtyproductsarethoseforwhichbuyersarewillingtoexpendasubstantialeffortandoftentowaitasignificantamountoftimeinordertoacquirethem.Buyersseekoutparticulartypesandbrandsofgoodsandservices.Examplescanbeanytypeofgoodsrangingfromfinefoodstocustom-madeautomobilesoraservicesuchasmanagementconsultingadvice.Becausebuyersinsistonparticularbrands,distributioniscentralizedandcustomerservicelevelsarenotashighasthoseforconvenienceandshoppingproducts.Physicaldistributioncostscanbethelowestofanyproductcategory.Becauseofthis,manyfirmswillattempttocreatebrandpreferencefortheirproductline.

Transportation

Pre-textpractice

Beforegoingontothetext,pleasereadthefollowingstatementsandexplainthepictures:

1.Transportmayaccountforone-thirdtotwo-thirdsoftotallogisticscosts.

2.Therearefivemodesoftransport.

3.Freightratesarebasedonthreefactors,namely,distance,shipmentandcompetition.

4.Carrierperformanceisbasedontheextentofshipmenthandlingatterminalsandinherentspeedofthecarrier.

5.Containerizationispopularininternationalmovement.

6.Internationaltradeisheavilydependentonmiddlemen,agents,freightforwardersandbrokers.

Transport

Transportationisavitalcomponentinthedesignandmanagementoflogisticssystems.Itmayaccountforone-thirdtotwo-thirdsoftotallogisticscosts.Thechoicesavailabletotheuserstypicallyincludethefivemajortransportmodes（air,truck,rail,water,andpipe）andtheircombinations.Usersmayhiretheservicesorownthemeansoftransportation.

Transportservicesarebestdescribedbytheircostandperformancecharacteristics.Thesedistinguishonetransportservicefromanother,anditiswhatauserbuysfromthetransportationsystem.Thecostcharacteristicsvaryfromonemodetoanotheranddeterminetheirratestructures.Ratesarebasedprimarilyonthreefactors---distance,shipmentsize,andcompetition.Ontheotherhand,carrierperformanceisbasedontheextentofshipmenthandlingatterminalsandinherentspeedofthecarrier.Itisadequatelydescribedintermsofaveragetransittime,transittimevariability,andlossanddamage.

Costallocationisoneofthefactorsthataffectpricing.Theshipper’sperspectiveaboutitisimportant,thoughitischieflysomethingthatthecarriersshouldpayattentionto.

Onekindofcostiswhatiscalledvariablecosts.Theyarethosecoststhatchangeinapredictable,directmannerinrelationtosomelevelofactivityduringatimeperiod.Variablecostscanbeavoidedonlybynotoperatin