Ivy reading test4Word文件下载.docx
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Ivy reading test4Word文件下载.docx
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b.untouched
c.unseen
d.unlocked
3Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
(Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation)
a.1595wasthefirsttimethatamicroscopehadbeenusedtotrytounderstandcells.
b.Thecreationofthefirstmultiple-lensmicroscopewasamajoreventinthehistoryofcellularresearch.
c.Compoundmicroscopesarethosethatcontainmorethanonelensinordertoobtaingreatermagnificationabilities.
d.Scientistsin1595wereabletomakeuseofaveryimportantnewtool–thecompoundmicroscope.
4Thewordsliversinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
a.slices
b.slots
c.branches
d.slides
DiscoveringtheCell
1.Sincetheearliestdaysofscientificstudy,peoplehavebeentryingtounderstandhowlifeformsandfunctions.Overhundredsofyears,thecollectiveworkofresearchersrevealedthatalllivingorganismsarecomposedofunitscalledcells.Thoughtheymaycarryoutdifferentfunctionsandbedifferentsizes,thefundamentalstructureandpurposeofallcellsareessentiallythesame.Theyregulatethegrowthandphysicalcharacteristicsofeverytypeoforganism,fromsingle-celledbacteriatohumans,whosebodiescontaintrillionsofcells.Theknowledgeofcellsthatscientistsenjoytodayistheresultofanaccumulationofmanyindividualdiscoveriesandachievements.
2.Cellswentundetectedforcenturiesforoneverysimplereason:
theyaresosmallthattheycannotbeperceivedbythenakedeye.Someearlyphilosophersdidsuggesttheexistenceofsomekindofbasic“buildingblock”commontoalllivingthings,butnoneofthemhadthemeanstoscientificallyprovetheirtheories.Thus,oneveryimportantoccurrenceinthehistoryoftheunderstandingofthecelltookplacein1595withtheinventionofthefirstcompoundmicroscope–thatis,thefirstmicroscopetomakeuseofmorethanonelensinitsmagnificationprocess.Earlymodelswereofcourseverylimited,buttheyofferedamoredetailedinspectionofspecimensthanhadpreviouslybeenpossible.
3.ItwassuchadevicethatallowedEnglishscientistRobertHookein1663tobecomethefirstknownhumantoobserveacell.Hecutsomethinsliversofcork,whichisatissuemadeofdeadplantmatter,andviewedthemunderthemicroscope.■Whathesawwasanetworkofmillionsoftinychamberspackedtightlytogether.■Thesewereinfactthewallsofdeadcells,sincecorkcomesfromdeadplantmaterial.■Hookedecidedtocallthese
5Theworditinthepassagerefersto
a.discovery
b.advancement
c.microscope
d.research
6Inparagraph4,theauthorintroducestheCellTheoryby
a.comparingthecareersoftwodifferentscientists
b.describingtheevolutionofthemicroscopeinthe1800s
c.identifyingthedifferencesbetweenitandearliertheories
d.discussingthediscoveriesthatimmediatelyprecededit
7Thewordformulatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
a.copied
b.developed
c.denied
d.believed
8Accordingtothepassage,thepersonwhofirstdeterminedwhatliesatthecenterofaplant’scellwas
a.MatthiasSchleiden
b.RobertHooke
c.RobertBrown
d.TheodorSchwann
chambers“cells”becausetheyremindedhimofthesmallmonasterycellsthatmonkslivedin.■
4.FormorethanccenturyafterHooke’sdiscovery,alackofadvancementinmicroscopedesignsmadeitimpossibleformorein-depthresearchonthecelltobeconducted.Inthe1800s,however,itbeganagainataremarkablepace.Duringtheearlyagainataremarkablepace.Duringtheearlypartofthecentury,manythinkersstartedtoproposethatcellswerethemostfundamentalpartofalllivingorganisms.Livingplantcells,asopposedtothoseofHooke’scorksamples,werefoundtocontainavarietyofsmallerelementssurroundedbyaliquidmixturetermed“cytoplasm.”In1833,thenaturalistRobertBrowndiscoveredthenucleus,orcentralstructure,ofplantcells.Then,in1839,throughacombinationofcollaborationandindependentresearch,GermanscientistsMatthiasSchleidenandTheodorSchwannconclusivelydeterminedthatcellsarethebasicunitoforganizationinbothplantandanimallife.SchwannsubsequentlyformulatedwhatbecameknownastheCellTheory.
9Accordingtoparagraph6,howdidRudolfVirchowchangetheoriginalCellTheory?
a.Heemphasizedtheimportanceofnonlivingmatter.
b.Hediscoveredthatcellsarecapableofrepairingthemselves.
c.Hetranslatedtheoriginaltheoryintootherlanguages.
d.Heprovidedthecorrectexplanationofhownewcellsarecreated.
10Thewordassertinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
a.admitting
b.wondering
c.declaring
d.returning
11.Whydoestheauthormentionscienceandmedicineinparagraph6?
a.Toshowhowcellularresearchisexpectedtochangeinthefuture
b.Toacknowledgetheroleofearlyphilosophersandscientists
c.Togiveexamplesoffieldsthatbenefitfromcellularresearch
d.TosuggestthatmoreinformationaboutDNAisneeded
5.Essentially,thistheorystatedthat,inadditiontobeingthemostfundamentalunitoflife,cellswerethemselvesalive.Theytookinenergy,regulatedtheirowngrowth,andperformedrepairsonthemselves.TheseideashavebeenprovenandarepartofthemodernversionoftheCellTheory,butwhenitcametocellreproduction,Schwann’sexplanationwasincorrect.Heproposedthatcellsweregeneratedspontaneously,andthattheycouldariseanywhere–evenfromnonlivingmatter.In1855,theGermanresearcherRudolfVirchowcorrectedthismisunderstanding,assertingthatcellsreproducebydividingandthattheycanonlybecreatedbyothercells.Healsoelaboratedontheothercharacteristicsofcellsingreaterdetail,formalizingtheversionoftheCellTheorythathasremainedmostlyunchangedtothisday.
6.Inmoderntimes,thestudyofcellsfocusesonDNA,asubstancethatisusuallyfoundinacell’snucleusanddirectsthegrowthofthatcell.Scientistshavethusdiscoveredwaystomapthegeneticmakeupofplantsandanimals,gainingnewinsightsintothemysteriesoflife.Astimegoeson,therewillsurelybefurtherexcitinginnovationsinscienceandmedicinemadepossiblebythestudyofthecell.Inthisway,theworkbegunsolongagobyearlyphilosophersandscientistswillcontinue.
12.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Now,withconcreteevidenceofitsexistence,thestudyofthecellhadbegun.
Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?
13.Direction:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
Ittookcenturiesofscientificthoughtandresearchtoachievetheunderstandingofthecellthatissharedbyscientiststoday.
•
AnswerChoices
a.Withoutaneffectivemicroscopedesign,philosophershadnowayofdeterminingwhethertheirtheoriesaboutcellswerecorrect.
b.Usinganewlyintroducedmicroscopetolookatcorksamples,RobertHookewasableforthefirsttimetoobservethepresenceofcells.
c.Intheearly1800s,cytoplasmandnucleiwerebothdiscoveredtobeimportantcomponentsofplantcells,andthefirstCellTheorywasintroduced.
d.TheoriginalCellTheorywasrevolutionary,butwasincorrectinitsdepictionofhowcellsacquiredandusedenergy.
e.TheCellTheorywassoonrevisedtoincludenewinformationaboutcellularreproductionandbecamethefoundationofmoderncellularstudy.
f.StudiesinvolvingthegeneticstructureofplantsandanimalsseektounderstandthewaysinwhichDNAdirectsthegrowthofcells.
14Thewordexternalinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
a.natural
b.independent
c.permanent
d.simple
15.Accordingtoparagraph1,whatispollination?
a.Theabilitytoreproducewithoutanyassistance.
b.Thetransferofpollenfromplantstoinsects
c.Theuseofpollinatingagentsinthereproductiveprocess
d.Themovementofsexcellsfromtheanthertothecarpel
16.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
a.Manypollinatorsareneededtopollinatesingle-cropfields,whichcontainplantsthatcomeintobloomallatonce.
b.Inasingle-cropfield,sometimestherearemoreblossomsthancanbeused,andothertimespollinatorsarewithoutfood.
c.Asingle-cropfieldcannotrelyonnaturalpollinatorsalone,soothermethodsofpollinationmustbeusedtohelpthefieldproduceaharvest.
d.Afterasingle-cropfieldblooms,naturalpollinatorsareunabletofindenoughfoodtosurvive,
PollinationMethods
1.Plantsreproducewhengeneticmaterialfromthemalereproductiveorgan,theanther,istransferredtothefemalereproductiveorgan,thecarpel.Thisprocessiscalledpollination,areferencetothepollen(themalesexcell)thatiscarriedtothecarpel.Someplantsareself-pollinatorsanddonotrequireanyoutsi
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