英语听力Word格式.docx
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英语听力Word格式.docx
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AsaKurdishperson,yes,wehaveadreamlikeeverybodyelse-
likeaTurk,Arab,Iranian,"
HekmatBamarnisaid."
Wewantindependencetoo."
ButKurdsinIraqandelsewherehaveenduredharshcrackdownsinpursuitofthatdream.
AsthelargestethnicminorityintheMiddleEastwithoutastate,Kurdsatonetimedependedonanarmedinsurgencytopresstheircause.
ButtheU.S.invasionofIraq,theArabS*grevoltsandotherrecenteventsintheMiddleEasthavesolidifiedtheirpoliticalambitions.
ThisiscertainlyachangingmomentandanexcitingmomentforKurdsandthosewhostudytheKurdsbecauseitappearsasifthoseboundariesthatweresetatthestateformationperiodseemtobebreakingaway,"
saidDeniseNatali,aMiddleEastexpertattheNationalDefenseUniversityinWashington.
ThatseemstobethecaseinSyria,whereKurdshavetakencontrolofmuchofthatcountry'
snortheasterntipamidanationalanti-governmentuprising.
MeanwhileinTurkey,Kurdsareusingunprecedentednewfreedomstoreverseyearsofdiscriminationandalienation.
InIran,theWesterncrackdownonTehranoveritsnuclearambitionshasgivenIranianKurdshopeforchange.
AndinIraq,KurdshaveruntheirownaffairsinthenorthernpartofthecountrysincetheousterofSaddamHussein’sregime.
ButNatalisaidthisself-rulehasforcedIraqiKurdishleaderstofacegeopoliticalrealityinalandlockedregion.
Thesurvivabilityoftheregiondependsonopenborders,andpositiveoratleastworkingrelationswithneighboringstates,"
shesaid.
NatalisaidtheneighboringstatesoftenplayKurdishfactionsoffagainstoneother,leavingKurdsalienatedandcaughtinnationalpoliticsorregionaldisputes.
MichaelRubin,aformerPentagonofficialnowattheAmericanEnterpriseInstitute,saidKurdishleadersthemselvesoftenpaylipservicetonationalistaspirationsastheyacknowledgetherealities.
IjustcamebackfromKurdistan,"
hesaid."
Andcertainlyamongthestudents,amongtheprofessors,amongtheintellectuals-butnotthepoliticians-there’sthisrealfearthatagainwehaveindependencewithinourgraspandtheneighboringpowersandourownpoliticiansaregoingtopreventitfromhappeningbecausethey’realwaysunabletoreachconsensus."
ButRubinsaystheyoungergenerationofKurds,inspiredbytheirArabcounterparts,aregrowingincreasinglyimpatientwiththeirpoliticalleadersastheyseegainsthatweremadeintheArabS*g.
AndacrosstheMiddleEast,Kurdishfactionsaretakingstepstocontroltheirdestinies.
002
BEIRUT—Lebanon’smanydifferentsectshavetheirownhistory,whichmakesformulatingaunifiednationalhistorychallenging.The1989TaifAccord,whichendedthe15-yearLebanesecivilwar,calledforciviceducationtobeuniformacrossthecountryinordertopromotenationalunity.Butthegoalremainsunrealized.
SyrianforceswithdrewfromLebanonin2005aftera29-yearoccupation.
Aseriesofpopularuprisingsprecededthewithdrawal,culminatinginonedemonstrationwhichbroughtanestimatedonemillionLebaneseintothestreets.Theevent,dubbedthe“CedarRevolution,”wasseenasamainfactorintheSyriandeparture.
ButLebaneseschoolchildrenmayneverreadaboutitbecauseaministerialcommitteerecentlydecidedtoeliminatethephrase“CedarRevolution”fromanationalmiddleschoolhistorycurriculumbeingdeveloped.
Since1989,thecommitteededicatedtoagreeingonanationalhistorytextbookhasrepeatedlyfailedtodoso.
MahaKassemistheprincipaloftheGreenSpaceSchool,anelementaryschoolinBeirut.“Thepeoplewhoareinchargeofoverseeingtheunifiedhistorybook,theyaretheoneswhoareinvolvedintheseconflicts,"
shesaid.
Mosthistorytextbooksstopin1943,theyearofLebaneseindependence,leavingrecenthistoryinterpretationuptoparents,whichcanfurthercementachild’ssectarianview.
LebaneseUniversityhistoryprofessorMounzirJabbersaystheissuedatesbacktotheOttomanEmpire."
AslongasthefeelingofidentityinLebanonremainssectarian,it’s[impossible]totalkabouthistoryonapatrioticbasis,"
hesaid.
AttheGreenSpaceSchool,whichliesontheedgeofChristian,DruzeandShi'
iteneighborhoods,Kassemsayssectarianaffiliationmakeshistorylessonssensitive"
Sometimeswehavetoskipcertainlessonsorsummarizethem,toavoidsomediscussionsthatmightcausetroublesbetweenthestudents,"
Especiallywhenitcomestothe15-yearcivilwar,inwhichallsectssufferedlossesandatrocitiestookplace.Thecountryisstillrecoveringphysicallyandemotionally.
Untilthen,Jabbersays,perhapsitisfinetoagreetodisagree.“Leteachgrouphaveitsownversionofhistory.Butlet'
smakesurethattheyarehighlightingontheelementsthatkeepthemtogether,nottheonesthattearthemapart,"
Fornow,Lebaneseschoolsoftenchoosetextbooksaccordingtotheirreligiousaffiliation.
003
Globalwarmingoverthenextcenturycouldsignificantlyreducetheamountofwintersnowpackinmountainousareasinthenorthernhemisphere,accordingtoanewstudypublishedinNatureClimateChange.
Seasonalsnowpackmeltisanessentialsourceoffreshwater,anditslosscouldthreatendrinkingwatersupplies,agriculturalirrigationandwildlifeecosystems.
StanfordUniversityclimateexpertNoahDiffenbaughledthestudy,whichcomparessnowpackconditionsacrossthenorthernhemisphereinthelate20thcenturywithclimatemodelprojectionsforthenextonehundredyears.
Deceasingsnowpack
ThoseprojectionsarebasedonarangeofscenarioswhichforeseeariseinaverageglobaltemperaturesofbetweentwoandfourdegreesCelsius.
ThestudyconcludesthataveragesnowaccumulationwilldecreaseinmostregionsoftheWesternUnitedStates,Europe,CentralAsiaandtheHimalayas,comparedtohistoricalpatterns.
Itprojectsthatlowandextremelylowsnowfallswouldexceedthelowsofthelater20thcenturybetween10and30percentofthetimewithtwodegreesofwarming.
And,Diffenbaughsays,"
Iftheplanetwarmsby4degreesCelsius,theUnitedcouldexperiencesnowpackaccumulationsbelowthelevelsofthelate20thcenturyupto80percentoftheyears.”
Thestoryisthesameinotherpartsofthenorthernhemisphere,wheresnowpackisanatural,andcritical,waterreservoir.
Waterworries
Thestudyfindsthatanearlyspringmeltwouldbringmorewaterintothewatershedsoonerthanusual,potentiallyfloodingrivers,lakesandartificiallydammed-riverreservoirs.
Andwithlesswateravailablelaterintheseason,chancesformorewildfires,pests,andspeciesextinctionsincrease.
Diffenbaughsaysthistimingwouldalsoexacerbatedroughtconditionswhenthedemandforwaterisgreatest.
“Wecaninferthatshouldthesephysicalclimatechangesoccurinthefuture,thattherewouldbeimpactsonwatersupplyforagricultureandforhumanconsumptionandfornaturalecosystemsifthewaterstorageandmanagementsystemsarenotadaptedtothosechanges.”
Accordingtoclimatemodels,extremeraineventsareexpectedtoincreaseastheplanetwarms.
However,Diffenbaughsays,thatwon’tchangehowthesnowpackrespondstoclimatechange.
“Evenwherethereareincreasesinextremeprecipitationinthemodels,therearestillrobustdecreasesintheamountofsnowpackonthegroundattheendofthewinterandinrobustchangesinthetimingofrunoff.”
Californiaexperiencingclimateextremes
FrankGehrketakesthesefindingsveryseriously.HeheadstheCaliforniaCooperativeSnowSurveysprogram,whichforecastswaterflowfromthemountainsintoman-madereservoirsthatprovidewaterforcropsandpeople.
Californiaisjustonepartofabroaderpicturediscussedinthereport.Sincethestategetslittleraininthespringandsummer,Gehrkesaystimingofsnowpackmeltiscritical.
Hesaysheisseeinggreaterclimatevariationthaneverbefore.“We’rehavingmoreextremesintermsofdryandwetyears.Weseethatnotonlyinourrecord,butalsoindiscussionswithalotofotherpeoplewhoarestudyingclimate.”
GehrkesaysCaliforniawatermanagersneedbettermeasurementtoolsandhigherresolutionaerialimagesofthestate’ssnowpackthanwereavailableintheStanfordstudy.Forthat,thestatehasturnedtotheU.S.spaceagency’sAirborneSnowObservatory.
Flyingataltitudesofabout7,000meters,thephoto-reconnaissanceaircraftcapturedetailedimagesofmountainsnowpackoverawidearea,allowingscientiststomoreaccuratelycomputetheentirevolumeofwaterinagivenwatershed.
TheNASAflightswillalsomeasurehowmuchsunisreflectedfromthesnowpack,whichcanindicatehowfastitislikelytomelt.
004
FiftyyearsafterDr.No,thefirstJamesBondfilm,007isbackinactioninSkyfall.ThelatestentryintheBondfranchise,directedbyacclaimedfilmmakerSamMendes,departsfromthebrawn-and-gunstypeofsecretagentandgravitatestowardsacharacterwhoreveals007'
sinnerdemons.
For50years,theBondfranchisehasalwaysbeenidentifiedwiththespy'
ssignatureintroduction.
Whoareyou?
asksthebeautifulblondwoman.
Bond.JamesBond,"
repliesactorSeanConneryasthelegendarysecretagent.
Butthetraditionallyslick,unperturbedspywiththeeleganttuxedosandstiffmartinishasevolvedintoamoreruggedBond,stillchiseled,butmorehaunted-looking.
Skyfall
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