英语写作技巧Word下载.docx
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英语写作技巧Word下载.docx
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3)Butatthesametime,someproblemsremain.
2.明确中心思想
例1.以What’stoBeDoneWithoutWater?
为题,可确定主题思想,列出写作提纲:
1)Waterisindispensabletolife.
2)Butunfortunately,watershortagehasnotdrawneveryone’sattention
3)Wehavetodevelopwaystorefusewaterandutilizingseawater.
也可以从另外角度来写
1)Waterisfoundeverywhere.
2)Withoutwater,therewouldbenolife.
3)Therefore,whatcanwedo?
3.写好提纲
例1.就EnvironmentPollution为题,列出下列短语式提纲
1)Industrialwastes
2)Automobileexhaust
3)Riversaredirty
4)Factorysmoke
5)Lakesarecontaminated
6)Fishdie
7)Citiesarenoisy
8)Garbageiseverywhere
9)Poisonouschemicalsintheair
例2.以MeansofCommunication为题:
1)Firewasusedinancienttimes
2)Bodylanguage----gestures,postures,facialexpressions,etc.
3)Signlanguage
4)Letterwriting
5)Modernmeansofcommunication
A.radio
B.television
C.press
D.telephone
E.fax
F.e-mail
4.写好开头
一篇文章有三个基本组成部分:
引言段(introductoryparagraph),正文(body)和结尾段(concludingparagraph)。
英语作文常用的开头一般有五种
1)用简单的表述一语道破主题。
2)用一个简短的叙述或描写。
3)用一段与主题有关的对话。
4)用一段与主题有关的轶事或故事作引子。
5)用引语或谚语开头
5.突出主体(正文)
主体是主题的扩展和深化,是对问题的分析和说明。
它可以是一段,也可以是二,三段或更多段落。
一切服从主题的展开,各段应相互衔接,前后联系。
分段时要注意层次,又要注意到段落的一致性和完整性。
主体在篇幅上一般要占百分之七十以上,内容必须丰富,详实,有分析,推理,更要生动有力,实实在在的例子。
例1.
WhyITeach
PeterG.Beidler
1)Whydoyouteach?
MyfriendaskedthequestionwhenItoldhimthatIdidn’twanttobeconsideredforanadministrativeposition.HewaspuzzledthatIdidnotwantwhatwasobviouslya“stepup”towardthatallAmericansaretaughttowantwhentheygrowup:
moneyandpower.
2)CertainlyIdon’tteachbecauseteachingiseasyforme.TeachingisthemostdifficultofthevariouswaysIhaveattemptedtoearnmyliving:
mechanic,carpenter,writer.Forme,teachingisared-eye,sweaty-palm,sinkingstomachprofession.Red-eye,becauseIneverfeelreadytoteachnomatterhowlateIstayuppreparing.Sweaty-palm,becauseI’malwaysnervousbeforeIentertheclassroom,surethatIwillbefoundoutforthefoolthatIam.Sinking-stomach,becauseIleavetheclassroomanhourlaterconvincedthatIwasevenmoreboringthanusual.
3)NordoIteachbecauseIthinkIknowanswers,orbecauseIhaveknowledgeIfeelcompelledtoshare.SometimesIamamazedthatmystudentsactuallytakenotesonwhatIsayinclass!
4)Why,then,doIteach?
5)IteachbecauseIlikethepaceoftheacademiccalendar.June,July,andAugustofferanopportunityforreflection,research,andwriting.
6)Iteachbecauseteachingisaprofessionbuiltonchange.WhenthematerialistheSame,.Ichange---and,moreimportant,mystudentschange.
7)IteachbecauseIlikethefreedomtomakemyownmistakes,tolearnmyownlessons,tostimulatemyselfandmystudents.Asateacher,I’mmyownboss.IfIwantmyfreshmentolearntowritebycreatingtheirowntextbook,whoistosayIcan’t?
Suchcoursesmaybehugefailures,butwecanalllearnfromfailures.
8)IteachbecauseIliketoaskquestionsthatstudentsmuststruggletoanswer.Theworldisfullofrightanswerstobadquestions.Whileteaching,Isometimesfindgoodquestions.
9)IteachbecauseIenjoyfindingwaysofgettingmyselfandmystudentsoutoftheivorytowerandintotherealworld.Ioncetaughtacoursecalled“Self-relianceinaTechnologicalSociety.”My15studentsreadEmerson,Thoreau,andHuxley.Theykeptdiaries.Theywrotetermpapers.
10)Butwealsosetupacorporation,borrowedmoney,purchasedarun-downhouseandpracticedself-reliancebyrenovatingit.Attheendofthesemester,wesoldthehouse,repaidourloan,paidourtaxes,anddistributedtheprofitsamongthegroup.
11)Soteachinggivesmepace,andvariety,andchallenge,andtheopportunitytokeeponlearning.
12)Ihaveleftout,however,themostimportantreasonswhyIteach.
13)OneisVicky.Myfirstdoctoralstudent,Vickywasanenergeticstudentwholaboredatherdissertationonalittle-known14thcenturypoet.Shewrotearticlesandsentthemofftolearnedjournals.Shediditallherself,withanoccasionalnudgefromme.ButIwastherewhenshefinishedherdissertation,learnedthatherarticleswereaccepted,gotajobandwonafellowshiptoHarvardworkingonabookdevelopingideasshe’dfirsthadasmystudent.
14)AnotherreasonisGeorge,whostartedasanengineeringstudent,thenswitchedtoEnglishbecausehedecidedhelikedpeoplebetterthanthings.
15)ThereisJeanne,wholeftcollege,butwasbroughtbackbyherclassmatesbecausetheywantedhertoseetheendoftheself-reliancehouseproject.Iwastherewhenshecameback.Iwastherewhenshetoldmethatshelaterbecameinterestedintheurbanpoorandwentontobecomeacivilrightslawyer.
16)ThereisJacqui,acleaningwomanwhoknowsmorebyintuitionthanmostofuslearnbyanalysis.Jacquihasdecidedtofinishhighschoolandgotocollege.
17)ThesearetherealreasonsIteach,thesepeoplewhogrowandchangeinfrontofme.Beingateacherisbeingpresentatthecreation,whentheclaybeginstobreathe.
18)A“promotion”outofteachingwouldgivememoneyandpower.ButIhavemoney.IgetpaidtodowhatIenjoy:
reading,talkingwithpeople,andaskingquestionslike,“Whatisthepointofbeingrich”?
19)AndIhavepower.Ihavethepowertonudge,tofansparks,tosuggestbooks,topointoutapathway.Whatotherpowermatters?
20)Butteachingofferssomethingbesidesmoneyandpower:
itofferslove.Notonlytheloveoflearningandofbooksandideas,butalsothelovethatateacherfeelsforthatrarestudentwhowalksintoateacher’slifeandbeginstobreathe.Perhapsloveisthewrongword:
magicmightbebetter.
21)Iteachbecause,beingaroundpeoplewhoarebeginningtobreathe,Ioccasionallyfindmyselfcatchingmybreathwiththem.
全文可图示如下:
引言段--------------------------------------------------------------------第一段
“不是因为“------------------------------------------第二段
一般原因
正文“而是因为“第三段
重要原因
“教书:
充满着爱第四段
结尾段---------------------------------------------------------------------第五段
6.认真写好结尾
1)用归纳法点明主题。
2)用概括法总结全文所讨论的问题和要点。
3)展望未来,指明方向,激励读者。
4)采用层递法,使结果成为全文的高潮。
7.认真修改初稿
修改作文从内容(content),组织逻辑(organization),句子(sentence)和措词(diction)等四个方面重点检查修改,以提高英语作文的质量:
1)Content
A.Isthethesisclear?
Isitsupportedbyenoughfacts(details,reasons,examples,etc.)
B.Isthereirrelevantmaterialthatshouldberemoved?
C.Isthelogicsound?
Aretheregapsinthelogic?
2)Organization
A.Isthearrangementofthematerialclearandlogical?
B.Aretherepropertransitionsbetweensections?
C.Doeseachparagraphhaveaseparatecentralidea?
D.Doestheintroductoryparagraphleadtothemainpointofthepaper?
E.Doestheconcludingparagraphgivethereaderaclearimpressionofwhatthepaperintendstosay?
3)Sentences
A.Aretherestructuralmistakes?
B.Aretherewordyandredundantsentences?
C.Arethereunnecessarysentencesthatmayberemoved?
D.Istherevarietyinsentencetype?
4)Diction
A.Aretherewordsthatarenotappropriateforthetopicorconflictwiththestyleoftherestoftheessay(e.g.toocolloquialortooformal)?
B.AretherewordsorphraseswhicharedirectlytranslatedfromChinesebutwhichmaymeansomethingdifferentinEnglish?
第二部分写作体裁(TypesofWriting)
和写汉语作文一样,英语作文的写法应视写作目的,意图以及题目的性质而定。
通常看到和写的文章共分四类:
描写文,叙述文,说明文和议论文。
1.描写文(Description)
描写是对人物,地点,事物,情景的描写,其目的是要借助形象来传递信息。
写描写文时要注薏以下几个方面:
1)描写我们的感观能感觉到的最具代表性,最能说明问题及最具感染力的人和事。
2)描写的内容必须与文章的主题思想紧密相关。
3)描写文中不仅应有对被描写的景物,事物与人物的概括与总结,还应有具体的
事实和观点以帮助说明主题,使得描写文有血有肉,丰富而充实。
4)描写文中的材料应取舍合理,安排恰当,合乎逻辑,根据不同的情况依照空间
顺序进行描写。
例1
ThecentralcharacterisToney,anitinerantpeddler,skilledgambler,andmaster
gunfighter(总的应象,引入描写)。
Heisblind,yetgiftedwithunusualperceptivepowers(最重要的特征).Toneyabilities(引入具体的例证).Hecanshootacointhrownupintotheairbylisteningtoitsturning.Hecanfeelthecolorandvalueofpokerchips.Heisevenabletolocateadelicatecactusblossomsurroundedbythornsfromitsaroma(具体的不同方面的例证).Ridiculous!
Manyotherpeoplecan’thelpsuspectinghisblindness.
Accompaniedbyhisfaithfulmule,Sisic,Toneybecomesinvolvedinthetownstruggles.Single-handedly,hewipesoutthehiredkillersthroughhisunorthodoxgunplayandunconventionalfightingtechniques,whichconstantlyastoundbystanders(更多的例证).Continuinghisjourneywestward,Toneyfearlesslymovesonwiththesatisfactionofknowingthatthetownisoutofperil(结束句).
例2
TheUnitedStatescoversalargepartoftheNorthAmericancontinent.ItsneighborsareCanadatothenorth,andMexicototheSouth.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisabigcountry,itisnotthelargestintheworld.Itspopulationisnowabout200million(概况).
Whenthislandfirstbecameanation,afterwinningitsindependencefromEngland,ithadthirteenstares.EachofthestateswasrepresentedontheAmericanflagbyastar.Allthesestateswereintheeasternpartofthecontinent.Asthenationgrewtowardthewest,newstateswereaddedandnewstarsappearedontheflag.Foralongtime,therewere48states.In1959,however,twomorestateswereaddedtotheflag,representingthenewstatesofAlaskaandHawaii(简要的历史)
Indianswerethefirstinhabitantsofthelandwhichisnowthe
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